Initial async support

Add asyncio to the storage backends and most of the codebase. A lot of
it merely uses asyncio APIs, but still doesn't actually run several
things concurrently internally. Further improvements will be added on
top of these changes

Thanks to  Thomas Grainger (@graingert) for a few useful pointers
related to asyncio.

.builds/archlinux.yaml

@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ packages:
   - python-pytest-cov
   - python-pytest-httpserver
   - python-trustme
+  - python-pytest-asyncio
+  - python-aiohttp
+  - python-aiostream
+  - python-aioresponses
 sources:
   - https://github.com/pimutils/vdirsyncer
 environment:

setup.cfg

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ addopts =
   --cov=vdirsyncer
   --cov-report=term-missing
   --no-cov-on-fail
+# filterwarnings=error
 
 [flake8]
 application-import-names = tests,vdirsyncer

setup.py

@@ -13,14 +13,14 @@ requirements = [
     # https://github.com/mitsuhiko/click/issues/200
     "click>=5.0,<9.0",
     "click-log>=0.3.0, <0.4.0",
-    # https://github.com/pimutils/vdirsyncer/issues/478
-    "click-threading>=0.5",
     "requests >=2.20.0",
     # https://github.com/sigmavirus24/requests-toolbelt/pull/28
     # And https://github.com/sigmavirus24/requests-toolbelt/issues/54
     "requests_toolbelt >=0.4.0",
     # https://github.com/untitaker/python-atomicwrites/commit/4d12f23227b6a944ab1d99c507a69fdbc7c9ed6d  # noqa
     "atomicwrites>=0.1.7",
+    "aiohttp>=3.7.1,<4.0.0",
+    "aiostream>=0.4.3,<0.5.0",
 ]
 
 

test-requirements.txt

@@ -3,3 +3,5 @@ pytest
 pytest-cov
 pytest-httpserver
 trustme
+pytest-asyncio
+aioresponses

tests/conftest.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ General-purpose fixtures for vdirsyncer's testsuite.
 import logging
 import os
 
+import aiohttp
 import click_log
 import pytest
 from hypothesis import HealthCheck
@@ -52,3 +53,18 @@ elif os.environ.get("CI", "false").lower() == "true":
     settings.load_profile("ci")
 else:
     settings.load_profile("dev")
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+async def aio_session(event_loop):
+    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
+        yield session
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+async def aio_connector(event_loop):
+    conn = aiohttp.TCPConnector(limit_per_host=16)
+    try:
+        yield conn
+    finally:
+        await conn.close()

tests/storage/__init__.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import uuid
 from urllib.parse import quote as urlquote
 from urllib.parse import unquote as urlunquote
 
+import aiostream
 import pytest
 
 from .. import assert_item_equals
@@ -49,8 +50,9 @@ class StorageTests:
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
     @pytest.fixture
-    def s(self, get_storage_args):
+    async def s(self, get_storage_args):
-        return self.storage_class(**get_storage_args())
+        rv = self.storage_class(**await get_storage_args())
+        return rv
 
     @pytest.fixture
     def get_item(self, item_type):
@@ -72,176 +74,211 @@ class StorageTests:
         if not self.supports_metadata:
             pytest.skip("This storage does not support metadata.")
 
-    def test_generic(self, s, get_item):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_generic(self, s, get_item):
         items = [get_item() for i in range(1, 10)]
         hrefs = []
         for item in items:
-            href, etag = s.upload(item)
+            href, etag = await s.upload(item)
             if etag is None:
-                _, etag = s.get(href)
+                _, etag = await s.get(href)
             hrefs.append((href, etag))
         hrefs.sort()
-        assert hrefs == sorted(s.list())
+        assert hrefs == sorted(await aiostream.stream.list(s.list()))
         for href, etag in hrefs:
             assert isinstance(href, (str, bytes))
             assert isinstance(etag, (str, bytes))
-            assert s.has(href)
+            assert await s.has(href)
-            item, etag2 = s.get(href)
+            item, etag2 = await s.get(href)
             assert etag == etag2
 
-    def test_empty_get_multi(self, s):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
-        assert list(s.get_multi([])) == []
+    async def test_empty_get_multi(self, s):
+        assert await aiostream.stream.list(s.get_multi([])) == []
 
-    def test_get_multi_duplicates(self, s, get_item):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
-        href, etag = s.upload(get_item())
+    async def test_get_multi_duplicates(self, s, get_item):
+        href, etag = await s.upload(get_item())
         if etag is None:
-            _, etag = s.get(href)
+            _, etag = await s.get(href)
-        ((href2, item, etag2),) = s.get_multi([href] * 2)
+        ((href2, item, etag2),) = await aiostream.stream.list(s.get_multi([href] * 2))
         assert href2 == href
         assert etag2 == etag
 
-    def test_upload_already_existing(self, s, get_item):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_upload_already_existing(self, s, get_item):
         item = get_item()
-        s.upload(item)
+        await s.upload(item)
         with pytest.raises(exceptions.PreconditionFailed):
-            s.upload(item)
+            await s.upload(item)
 
-    def test_upload(self, s, get_item):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_upload(self, s, get_item):
         item = get_item()
-        href, etag = s.upload(item)
+        href, etag = await s.upload(item)
-        assert_item_equals(s.get(href)[0], item)
+        assert_item_equals((await s.get(href))[0], item)
 
-    def test_update(self, s, get_item):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_update(self, s, get_item):
         item = get_item()
-        href, etag = s.upload(item)
+        href, etag = await s.upload(item)
         if etag is None:
-            _, etag = s.get(href)
+            _, etag = await s.get(href)
-        assert_item_equals(s.get(href)[0], item)
+        assert_item_equals((await s.get(href))[0], item)
 
         new_item = get_item(uid=item.uid)
-        new_etag = s.update(href, new_item, etag)
+        new_etag = await s.update(href, new_item, etag)
         if new_etag is None:
-            _, new_etag = s.get(href)
+            _, new_etag = await s.get(href)
         # See https://github.com/pimutils/vdirsyncer/issues/48
         assert isinstance(new_etag, (bytes, str))
-        assert_item_equals(s.get(href)[0], new_item)
+        assert_item_equals((await s.get(href))[0], new_item)
 
-    def test_update_nonexisting(self, s, get_item):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_update_nonexisting(self, s, get_item):
         item = get_item()
         with pytest.raises(exceptions.PreconditionFailed):
-            s.update("huehue", item, '"123"')
+            await s.update("huehue", item, '"123"')
 
-    def test_wrong_etag(self, s, get_item):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_wrong_etag(self, s, get_item):
         item = get_item()
-        href, etag = s.upload(item)
+        href, etag = await s.upload(item)
         with pytest.raises(exceptions.PreconditionFailed):
-            s.update(href, item, '"lolnope"')
+            await s.update(href, item, '"lolnope"')
         with pytest.raises(exceptions.PreconditionFailed):
-            s.delete(href, '"lolnope"')
+            await s.delete(href, '"lolnope"')
 
-    def test_delete(self, s, get_item):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
-        href, etag = s.upload(get_item())
+    async def test_delete(self, s, get_item):
-        s.delete(href, etag)
+        href, etag = await s.upload(get_item())
-        assert not list(s.list())
+        await s.delete(href, etag)
+        assert not await aiostream.stream.list(s.list())
 
-    def test_delete_nonexisting(self, s, get_item):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_delete_nonexisting(self, s, get_item):
         with pytest.raises(exceptions.PreconditionFailed):
-            s.delete("1", '"123"')
+            await s.delete("1", '"123"')
 
-    def test_list(self, s, get_item):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
-        assert not list(s.list())
+    async def test_list(self, s, get_item):
-        href, etag = s.upload(get_item())
+        assert not await aiostream.stream.list(s.list())
+        href, etag = await s.upload(get_item())
         if etag is None:
-            _, etag = s.get(href)
+            _, etag = await s.get(href)
-        assert list(s.list()) == [(href, etag)]
+        assert await aiostream.stream.list(s.list()) == [(href, etag)]
 
-    def test_has(self, s, get_item):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
-        assert not s.has("asd")
+    async def test_has(self, s, get_item):
-        href, etag = s.upload(get_item())
+        assert not await s.has("asd")
-        assert s.has(href)
+        href, etag = await s.upload(get_item())
-        assert not s.has("asd")
+        assert await s.has(href)
-        s.delete(href, etag)
+        assert not await s.has("asd")
-        assert not s.has(href)
+        await s.delete(href, etag)
+        assert not await s.has(href)
 
-    def test_update_others_stay_the_same(self, s, get_item):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_update_others_stay_the_same(self, s, get_item):
         info = {}
         for _ in range(4):
-            href, etag = s.upload(get_item())
+            href, etag = await s.upload(get_item())
             if etag is None:
-                _, etag = s.get(href)
+                _, etag = await s.get(href)
             info[href] = etag
 
-        assert {
+        items = await aiostream.stream.list(
-            href: etag
+            s.get_multi(href for href, etag in info.items())
-            for href, item, etag in s.get_multi(href for href, etag in info.items())
+        )
-        } == info
+        assert {href: etag for href, item, etag in items} == info
 
-    def test_repr(self, s, get_storage_args):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    def test_repr(self, s, get_storage_args):  # XXX: unused param
         assert self.storage_class.__name__ in repr(s)
         assert s.instance_name is None
 
-    def test_discover(self, requires_collections, get_storage_args, get_item):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_discover(
+        self,
+        requires_collections,
+        get_storage_args,
+        get_item,
+        aio_connector,
+    ):
         collections = set()
         for i in range(1, 5):
             collection = f"test{i}"
-            s = self.storage_class(**get_storage_args(collection=collection))
+            s = self.storage_class(**await get_storage_args(collection=collection))
-            assert not list(s.list())
+            assert not await aiostream.stream.list(s.list())
-            s.upload(get_item())
+            await s.upload(get_item())
             collections.add(s.collection)
 
-        actual = {
+        discovered = await aiostream.stream.list(
-            c["collection"]
+            self.storage_class.discover(**await get_storage_args(collection=None))
-            for c in self.storage_class.discover(**get_storage_args(collection=None))
+        )
-        }
+        actual = {c["collection"] for c in discovered}
 
         assert actual >= collections
 
-    def test_create_collection(self, requires_collections, get_storage_args, get_item):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_create_collection(
+        self,
+        requires_collections,
+        get_storage_args,
+        get_item,
+    ):
         if getattr(self, "dav_server", "") in ("icloud", "fastmail", "davical"):
             pytest.skip("Manual cleanup would be necessary.")
         if getattr(self, "dav_server", "") == "radicale":
             pytest.skip("Radicale does not support collection creation")
 
-        args = get_storage_args(collection=None)
+        args = await get_storage_args(collection=None)
         args["collection"] = "test"
 
-        s = self.storage_class(**self.storage_class.create_collection(**args))
+        s = self.storage_class(**await self.storage_class.create_collection(**args))
 
-        href = s.upload(get_item())[0]
+        href = (await s.upload(get_item()))[0]
-        assert href in (href for href, etag in s.list())
+        assert href in await aiostream.stream.list(
+            (href async for href, etag in s.list())
+        )
 
-    def test_discover_collection_arg(self, requires_collections, get_storage_args):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
-        args = get_storage_args(collection="test2")
+    async def test_discover_collection_arg(
+        self, requires_collections, get_storage_args
+    ):
+        args = await get_storage_args(collection="test2")
         with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
-            list(self.storage_class.discover(**args))
+            await aiostream.stream.list(self.storage_class.discover(**args))
 
         assert "collection argument must not be given" in str(excinfo.value)
 
-    def test_collection_arg(self, get_storage_args):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_collection_arg(self, get_storage_args):
         if self.storage_class.storage_name.startswith("etesync"):
             pytest.skip("etesync uses UUIDs.")
 
         if self.supports_collections:
-            s = self.storage_class(**get_storage_args(collection="test2"))
+            s = self.storage_class(**await get_storage_args(collection="test2"))
             # Can't do stronger assertion because of radicale, which needs a
             # fileextension to guess the collection type.
             assert "test2" in s.collection
         else:
             with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-                self.storage_class(collection="ayy", **get_storage_args())
+                self.storage_class(collection="ayy", **await get_storage_args())
 
-    def test_case_sensitive_uids(self, s, get_item):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_case_sensitive_uids(self, s, get_item):
         if s.storage_name == "filesystem":
             pytest.skip("Behavior depends on the filesystem.")
 
         uid = str(uuid.uuid4())
-        s.upload(get_item(uid=uid.upper()))
+        await s.upload(get_item(uid=uid.upper()))
-        s.upload(get_item(uid=uid.lower()))
+        await s.upload(get_item(uid=uid.lower()))
-        items = [href for href, etag in s.list()]
+        items = [href async for href, etag in s.list()]
         assert len(items) == 2
         assert len(set(items)) == 2
 
-    def test_specialchars(
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_specialchars(
         self, monkeypatch, requires_collections, get_storage_args, get_item
     ):
         if getattr(self, "dav_server", "") == "radicale":
@@ -254,16 +291,16 @@ class StorageTests:
         uid = "test @ foo ät bar град сатану"
         collection = "test @ foo ät bar"
 
-        s = self.storage_class(**get_storage_args(collection=collection))
+        s = self.storage_class(**await get_storage_args(collection=collection))
         item = get_item(uid=uid)
 
-        href, etag = s.upload(item)
+        href, etag = await s.upload(item)
-        item2, etag2 = s.get(href)
+        item2, etag2 = await s.get(href)
         if etag is not None:
             assert etag2 == etag
             assert_item_equals(item2, item)
 
-        ((_, etag3),) = s.list()
+        ((_, etag3),) = await aiostream.stream.list(s.list())
         assert etag2 == etag3
 
         # etesync uses UUIDs for collection names
@@ -274,22 +311,23 @@ class StorageTests:
         if self.storage_class.storage_name.endswith("dav"):
             assert urlquote(uid, "/@:") in href
 
-    def test_metadata(self, requires_metadata, s):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_metadata(self, requires_metadata, s):
         if not getattr(self, "dav_server", ""):
-            assert not s.get_meta("color")
+            assert not await s.get_meta("color")
-            assert not s.get_meta("displayname")
+            assert not await s.get_meta("displayname")
 
         try:
-            s.set_meta("color", None)
+            await s.set_meta("color", None)
-            assert not s.get_meta("color")
+            assert not await s.get_meta("color")
-            s.set_meta("color", "#ff0000")
+            await s.set_meta("color", "#ff0000")
-            assert s.get_meta("color") == "#ff0000"
+            assert await s.get_meta("color") == "#ff0000"
         except exceptions.UnsupportedMetadataError:
             pass
 
         for x in ("hello world", "hello wörld"):
-            s.set_meta("displayname", x)
+            await s.set_meta("displayname", x)
-            rv = s.get_meta("displayname")
+            rv = await s.get_meta("displayname")
             assert rv == x
             assert isinstance(rv, str)
 
@@ -306,16 +344,18 @@ class StorageTests:
             "فلسطين",
         ],
     )
-    def test_metadata_normalization(self, requires_metadata, s, value):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
-        x = s.get_meta("displayname")
+    async def test_metadata_normalization(self, requires_metadata, s, value):
+        x = await s.get_meta("displayname")
         assert x == normalize_meta_value(x)
 
         if not getattr(self, "dav_server", None):
             # ownCloud replaces "" with "unnamed"
-            s.set_meta("displayname", value)
+            await s.set_meta("displayname", value)
-            assert s.get_meta("displayname") == normalize_meta_value(value)
+            assert await s.get_meta("displayname") == normalize_meta_value(value)
 
-    def test_recurring_events(self, s, item_type):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_recurring_events(self, s, item_type):
         if item_type != "VEVENT":
             pytest.skip("This storage instance doesn't support iCalendar.")
 
@@ -362,7 +402,7 @@ class StorageTests:
             ).strip()
         )
 
-        href, etag = s.upload(item)
+        href, etag = await s.upload(item)
 
-        item2, etag2 = s.get(href)
+        item2, etag2 = await s.get(href)
         assert normalize_item(item) == normalize_item(item2)

tests/storage/conftest.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import subprocess
 import time
 import uuid
 
+import aiostream
 import pytest
 import requests
 
@@ -80,31 +81,31 @@ def xandikos_server():
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def slow_create_collection(request):
+async def slow_create_collection(request, aio_connector):
     # We need to properly clean up because otherwise we might run into
     # storage limits.
     to_delete = []
 
-    def delete_collections():
+    async def delete_collections():
         for s in to_delete:
-            s.session.request("DELETE", "")
+            await s.session.request("DELETE", "")
 
-    request.addfinalizer(delete_collections)
+    async def inner(cls, args, collection):
-
-    def inner(cls, args, collection):
         assert collection.startswith("test")
         collection += "-vdirsyncer-ci-" + str(uuid.uuid4())
 
-        args = cls.create_collection(collection, **args)
+        args = await cls.create_collection(collection, **args)
         s = cls(**args)
-        _clear_collection(s)
+        await _clear_collection(s)
-        assert not list(s.list())
+        assert not await aiostream.stream.list(s.list())
         to_delete.append(s)
         return args
 
-    return inner
+    yield inner
+
+    await delete_collections()
 
 
-def _clear_collection(s):
+async def _clear_collection(s):
-    for href, etag in s.list():
+    async for href, etag in s.list():
         s.delete(href, etag)

tests/storage/dav/__init__.py

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 import os
 import uuid
 
+import aiohttp
+import aiostream
 import pytest
-import requests.exceptions
 
 from .. import get_server_mixin
 from .. import StorageTests
@@ -19,30 +20,33 @@ class DAVStorageTests(ServerMixin, StorageTests):
     dav_server = dav_server
 
     @pytest.mark.skipif(dav_server == "radicale", reason="Radicale is very tolerant.")
-    def test_dav_broken_item(self, s):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_dav_broken_item(self, s):
         item = Item("HAHA:YES")
-        with pytest.raises((exceptions.Error, requests.exceptions.HTTPError)):
+        with pytest.raises((exceptions.Error, aiohttp.ClientResponseError)):
-            s.upload(item)
+            await s.upload(item)
-        assert not list(s.list())
+        assert not await aiostream.stream.list(s.list())
 
-    def test_dav_empty_get_multi_performance(self, s, monkeypatch):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_dav_empty_get_multi_performance(self, s, monkeypatch):
         def breakdown(*a, **kw):
             raise AssertionError("Expected not to be called.")
 
         monkeypatch.setattr("requests.sessions.Session.request", breakdown)
 
         try:
-            assert list(s.get_multi([])) == []
+            assert list(await aiostream.stream.list(s.get_multi([]))) == []
         finally:
             # Make sure monkeypatch doesn't interfere with DAV server teardown
             monkeypatch.undo()
 
-    def test_dav_unicode_href(self, s, get_item, monkeypatch):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_dav_unicode_href(self, s, get_item, monkeypatch):
         if self.dav_server == "radicale":
             pytest.skip("Radicale is unable to deal with unicode hrefs")
 
         monkeypatch.setattr(s, "_get_href", lambda item: item.ident + s.fileext)
         item = get_item(uid="град сатану" + str(uuid.uuid4()))
-        href, etag = s.upload(item)
+        href, etag = await s.upload(item)
-        item2, etag2 = s.get(href)
+        item2, etag2 = await s.get(href)
         assert_item_equals(item, item2)

tests/storage/dav/test_caldav.py

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 import datetime
 from textwrap import dedent
 
+import aiohttp
+import aiostream
 import pytest
-import requests.exceptions
+from aioresponses import aioresponses
 
 from . import dav_server
 from . import DAVStorageTests
@@ -21,15 +23,17 @@ class TestCalDAVStorage(DAVStorageTests):
     def item_type(self, request):
         return request.param
 
-    @pytest.mark.xfail(dav_server == "baikal", reason="Baikal returns 500.")
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    def test_doesnt_accept_vcard(self, item_type, get_storage_args):
+    async def test_doesnt_accept_vcard(self, item_type, get_storage_args):
-        s = self.storage_class(item_types=(item_type,), **get_storage_args())
+        s = self.storage_class(item_types=(item_type,), **await get_storage_args())
 
         try:
-            s.upload(format_item(VCARD_TEMPLATE))
+            await s.upload(format_item(VCARD_TEMPLATE))
-        except (exceptions.Error, requests.exceptions.HTTPError):
+        except (exceptions.Error, aiohttp.ClientResponseError):
+            # Most storages hard-fail, but xandikos doesn't.
             pass
-        assert not list(s.list())
+
+        assert not await aiostream.stream.list(s.list())
 
     # The `arg` param is not named `item_types` because that would hit
     # https://bitbucket.org/pytest-dev/pytest/issue/745/
@@ -44,10 +48,11 @@ class TestCalDAVStorage(DAVStorageTests):
         ],
     )
     @pytest.mark.xfail(dav_server == "baikal", reason="Baikal returns 500.")
-    def test_item_types_performance(
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_item_types_performance(
         self, get_storage_args, arg, calls_num, monkeypatch
     ):
-        s = self.storage_class(item_types=arg, **get_storage_args())
+        s = self.storage_class(item_types=arg, **await get_storage_args())
         old_parse = s._parse_prop_responses
         calls = []
 
@@ -56,17 +61,18 @@ class TestCalDAVStorage(DAVStorageTests):
             return old_parse(*a, **kw)
 
         monkeypatch.setattr(s, "_parse_prop_responses", new_parse)
-        list(s.list())
+        await aiostream.stream.list(s.list())
         assert len(calls) == calls_num
 
     @pytest.mark.xfail(
         dav_server == "radicale", reason="Radicale doesn't support timeranges."
     )
-    def test_timerange_correctness(self, get_storage_args):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_timerange_correctness(self, get_storage_args):
         start_date = datetime.datetime(2013, 9, 10)
         end_date = datetime.datetime(2013, 9, 13)
         s = self.storage_class(
-            start_date=start_date, end_date=end_date, **get_storage_args()
+            start_date=start_date, end_date=end_date, **await get_storage_args()
         )
 
         too_old_item = format_item(
@@ -123,50 +129,44 @@ class TestCalDAVStorage(DAVStorageTests):
             ).strip()
         )
 
-        s.upload(too_old_item)
+        await s.upload(too_old_item)
-        s.upload(too_new_item)
+        await s.upload(too_new_item)
-        expected_href, _ = s.upload(good_item)
+        expected_href, _ = await s.upload(good_item)
 
-        ((actual_href, _),) = s.list()
+        ((actual_href, _),) = await aiostream.stream.list(s.list())
         assert actual_href == expected_href
 
-    def test_invalid_resource(self, monkeypatch, get_storage_args):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
-        calls = []
+    async def test_invalid_resource(self, monkeypatch, get_storage_args):
-        args = get_storage_args(collection=None)
+        args = await get_storage_args(collection=None)
 
-        def request(session, method, url, **kwargs):
+        with aioresponses() as m:
-            assert url == args["url"]
+            m.add(args["url"], method="PROPFIND", status=200, body="Hello world")
-            calls.append(None)
 
-            r = requests.Response()
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            r.status_code = 200
+                s = self.storage_class(**args)
-            r._content = b"Hello World."
+                await aiostream.stream.list(s.list())
-            return r
 
-        monkeypatch.setattr("requests.sessions.Session.request", request)
+        assert len(m.requests) == 1
-
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            s = self.storage_class(**args)
-            list(s.list())
-        assert len(calls) == 1
 
     @pytest.mark.skipif(dav_server == "icloud", reason="iCloud only accepts VEVENT")
     @pytest.mark.skipif(
         dav_server == "fastmail", reason="Fastmail has non-standard hadling of VTODOs."
     )
     @pytest.mark.xfail(dav_server == "baikal", reason="Baikal returns 500.")
-    def test_item_types_general(self, s):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
-        event = s.upload(format_item(EVENT_TEMPLATE))[0]
+    async def test_item_types_general(self, s):
-        task = s.upload(format_item(TASK_TEMPLATE))[0]
+        event = (await s.upload(format_item(EVENT_TEMPLATE)))[0]
+        task = (await s.upload(format_item(TASK_TEMPLATE)))[0]
         s.item_types = ("VTODO", "VEVENT")
 
-        def hrefs():
+        async def hrefs():
-            return {href for href, etag in s.list()}
+            return {href async for href, etag in s.list()}
 
-        assert hrefs() == {event, task}
+        assert await hrefs() == {event, task}
         s.item_types = ("VTODO",)
-        assert hrefs() == {task}
+        assert await hrefs() == {task}
         s.item_types = ("VEVENT",)
-        assert hrefs() == {event}
+        assert await hrefs() == {event}
         s.item_types = ()
-        assert hrefs() == {event, task}
+        assert await hrefs() == {event, task}

tests/storage/etesync/test_main.py

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class EtesyncTests(StorageTests):
         )
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
-        def inner(collection="test"):
+        async def inner(collection="test"):
             rv = {
                 "email": "test@localhost",
                 "db_path": str(tmpdir.join("etesync.db")),

tests/storage/servers/baikal/__init__.py

@@ -3,13 +3,21 @@ import pytest
 
 class ServerMixin:
     @pytest.fixture
-    def get_storage_args(self, request, tmpdir, slow_create_collection, baikal_server):
+    def get_storage_args(
-        def inner(collection="test"):
+        self,
+        request,
+        tmpdir,
+        slow_create_collection,
+        baikal_server,
+        aio_connector,
+    ):
+        async def inner(collection="test"):
             base_url = "http://127.0.0.1:8002/"
             args = {
                 "url": base_url,
                 "username": "baikal",
                 "password": "baikal",
+                "connector": aio_connector,
             }
 
             if self.storage_class.fileext == ".vcf":
@@ -18,7 +26,11 @@ class ServerMixin:
                 args["url"] = base_url + "cal.php/"
 
             if collection is not None:
-                args = slow_create_collection(self.storage_class, args, collection)
+                args = await slow_create_collection(
+                    self.storage_class,
+                    args,
+                    collection,
+                )
             return args
 
         return inner

tests/storage/servers/davical/__init__.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class ServerMixin:
 
     @pytest.fixture
     def get_storage_args(self, davical_args, request):
-        def inner(collection="test"):
+        async def inner(collection="test"):
             if collection is None:
                 return davical_args
 

tests/storage/servers/fastmail/__init__.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class ServerMixin:
             # See https://github.com/pimutils/vdirsyncer/issues/824
             pytest.skip("Fastmail has non-standard VTODO support.")
 
-        def inner(collection="test"):
+        async def inner(collection="test"):
             args = {
                 "username": os.environ["FASTMAIL_USERNAME"],
                 "password": os.environ["FASTMAIL_PASSWORD"],

tests/storage/servers/icloud/__init__.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class ServerMixin:
             # See https://github.com/pimutils/vdirsyncer/pull/593#issuecomment-285941615  # noqa
             pytest.skip("iCloud doesn't support anything else than VEVENT")
 
-        def inner(collection="test"):
+        async def inner(collection="test"):
             args = {
                 "username": os.environ["ICLOUD_USERNAME"],
                 "password": os.environ["ICLOUD_PASSWORD"],

tests/storage/servers/radicale/__init__.py

@@ -9,17 +9,23 @@ class ServerMixin:
         tmpdir,
         slow_create_collection,
         radicale_server,
+        aio_connector,
     ):
-        def inner(collection="test"):
+        async def inner(collection="test"):
             url = "http://127.0.0.1:8001/"
             args = {
                 "url": url,
                 "username": "radicale",
                 "password": "radicale",
+                "connector": aio_connector,
             }
 
             if collection is not None:
-                args = slow_create_collection(self.storage_class, args, collection)
+                args = await slow_create_collection(
+                    self.storage_class,
+                    args,
+                    collection,
+                )
             return args
 
         return inner

tests/storage/servers/xandikos/__init__.py

@@ -9,13 +9,19 @@ class ServerMixin:
         tmpdir,
         slow_create_collection,
         xandikos_server,
+        aio_connector,
     ):
-        def inner(collection="test"):
+        async def inner(collection="test"):
             url = "http://127.0.0.1:8000/"
-            args = {"url": url}
+            args = {"url": url, "connector": aio_connector}
 
             if collection is not None:
-                args = slow_create_collection(self.storage_class, args, collection)
+                args = await slow_create_collection(
+                    self.storage_class,
+                    args,
+                    collection,
+                )
+
             return args
 
         return inner

tests/storage/test_filesystem.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import subprocess
 
+import aiostream
 import pytest
 
 from . import StorageTests
@@ -12,10 +13,10 @@ class TestFilesystemStorage(StorageTests):
 
     @pytest.fixture
     def get_storage_args(self, tmpdir):
-        def inner(collection="test"):
+        async def inner(collection="test"):
             rv = {"path": str(tmpdir), "fileext": ".txt", "collection": collection}
             if collection is not None:
-                rv = self.storage_class.create_collection(**rv)
+                rv = await self.storage_class.create_collection(**rv)
             return rv
 
         return inner
@@ -26,7 +27,8 @@ class TestFilesystemStorage(StorageTests):
             f.write("stub")
             self.storage_class(str(tmpdir) + "/hue", ".txt")
 
-    def test_broken_data(self, tmpdir):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_broken_data(self, tmpdir):
         s = self.storage_class(str(tmpdir), ".txt")
 
         class BrokenItem:
@@ -35,64 +37,70 @@ class TestFilesystemStorage(StorageTests):
             ident = uid
 
         with pytest.raises(TypeError):
-            s.upload(BrokenItem)
+            await s.upload(BrokenItem)
         assert not tmpdir.listdir()
 
-    def test_ident_with_slash(self, tmpdir):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_ident_with_slash(self, tmpdir):
         s = self.storage_class(str(tmpdir), ".txt")
-        s.upload(Item("UID:a/b/c"))
+        await s.upload(Item("UID:a/b/c"))
         (item_file,) = tmpdir.listdir()
         assert "/" not in item_file.basename and item_file.isfile()
 
-    def test_ignore_tmp_files(self, tmpdir):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_ignore_tmp_files(self, tmpdir):
         """Test that files with .tmp suffix beside .ics files are ignored."""
         s = self.storage_class(str(tmpdir), ".ics")
-        s.upload(Item("UID:xyzxyz"))
+        await s.upload(Item("UID:xyzxyz"))
         (item_file,) = tmpdir.listdir()
         item_file.copy(item_file.new(ext="tmp"))
         assert len(tmpdir.listdir()) == 2
-        assert len(list(s.list())) == 1
+        assert len(await aiostream.stream.list(s.list())) == 1
 
-    def test_ignore_tmp_files_empty_fileext(self, tmpdir):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_ignore_tmp_files_empty_fileext(self, tmpdir):
         """Test that files with .tmp suffix are ignored with empty fileext."""
         s = self.storage_class(str(tmpdir), "")
-        s.upload(Item("UID:xyzxyz"))
+        await s.upload(Item("UID:xyzxyz"))
         (item_file,) = tmpdir.listdir()
         item_file.copy(item_file.new(ext="tmp"))
         assert len(tmpdir.listdir()) == 2
         # assert False, tmpdir.listdir() # enable to see the created filename
-        assert len(list(s.list())) == 1
+        assert len(await aiostream.stream.list(s.list())) == 1
 
-    def test_ignore_files_typical_backup(self, tmpdir):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_ignore_files_typical_backup(self, tmpdir):
         """Test file-name ignorance with typical backup ending ~."""
         ignorext = "~"  # without dot
 
         storage = self.storage_class(str(tmpdir), "", fileignoreext=ignorext)
-        storage.upload(Item("UID:xyzxyz"))
+        await storage.upload(Item("UID:xyzxyz"))
         (item_file,) = tmpdir.listdir()
         item_file.copy(item_file.new(basename=item_file.basename + ignorext))
 
         assert len(tmpdir.listdir()) == 2
-        assert len(list(storage.list())) == 1
+        assert len(await aiostream.stream.list(storage.list())) == 1
 
-    def test_too_long_uid(self, tmpdir):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_too_long_uid(self, tmpdir):
         storage = self.storage_class(str(tmpdir), ".txt")
         item = Item("UID:" + "hue" * 600)
 
-        href, etag = storage.upload(item)
+        href, etag = await storage.upload(item)
         assert item.uid not in href
 
-    def test_post_hook_inactive(self, tmpdir, monkeypatch):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_post_hook_inactive(self, tmpdir, monkeypatch):
         def check_call_mock(*args, **kwargs):
             raise AssertionError()
 
         monkeypatch.setattr(subprocess, "call", check_call_mock)
 
         s = self.storage_class(str(tmpdir), ".txt", post_hook=None)
-        s.upload(Item("UID:a/b/c"))
+        await s.upload(Item("UID:a/b/c"))
-
-    def test_post_hook_active(self, tmpdir, monkeypatch):
 
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_post_hook_active(self, tmpdir, monkeypatch):
         calls = []
         exe = "foo"
 
@@ -104,14 +112,17 @@ class TestFilesystemStorage(StorageTests):
         monkeypatch.setattr(subprocess, "call", check_call_mock)
 
         s = self.storage_class(str(tmpdir), ".txt", post_hook=exe)
-        s.upload(Item("UID:a/b/c"))
+        await s.upload(Item("UID:a/b/c"))
         assert calls
 
-    def test_ignore_git_dirs(self, tmpdir):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_ignore_git_dirs(self, tmpdir):
         tmpdir.mkdir(".git").mkdir("foo")
         tmpdir.mkdir("a")
         tmpdir.mkdir("b")
-        assert {c["collection"] for c in self.storage_class.discover(str(tmpdir))} == {
+
-            "a",
+        expected = {"a", "b"}
-            "b",
+        actual = {
+            c["collection"] async for c in self.storage_class.discover(str(tmpdir))
         }
+        assert actual == expected

tests/storage/test_http.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import pytest
-from requests import Response
+from aioresponses import aioresponses
+from aioresponses import CallbackResult
 
 from tests import normalize_item
 from vdirsyncer.exceptions import UserError
@@ -7,7 +8,8 @@ from vdirsyncer.storage.http import HttpStorage
 from vdirsyncer.storage.http import prepare_auth
 
 
-def test_list(monkeypatch):
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_list(aio_connector):
     collection_url = "http://127.0.0.1/calendar/collection.ics"
 
     items = [
@@ -34,50 +36,53 @@ def test_list(monkeypatch):
 
     responses = ["\n".join(["BEGIN:VCALENDAR"] + items + ["END:VCALENDAR"])] * 2
 
-    def get(self, method, url, *a, **kw):
+    def callback(url, headers, **kwargs):
-        assert method == "GET"
+        assert headers["User-Agent"].startswith("vdirsyncer/")
-        assert url == collection_url
-        r = Response()
-        r.status_code = 200
         assert responses
-        r._content = responses.pop().encode("utf-8")
-        r.headers["Content-Type"] = "text/calendar"
-        r.encoding = "ISO-8859-1"
-        return r
 
-    monkeypatch.setattr("requests.sessions.Session.request", get)
+        return CallbackResult(
+            status=200,
+            body=responses.pop().encode("utf-8"),
+            headers={"Content-Type": "text/calendar; charset=iso-8859-1"},
+        )
 
-    s = HttpStorage(url=collection_url)
+    with aioresponses() as m:
+        m.get(collection_url, callback=callback, repeat=True)
 
-    found_items = {}
+        s = HttpStorage(url=collection_url, connector=aio_connector)
 
-    for href, etag in s.list():
+        found_items = {}
-        item, etag2 = s.get(href)
-        assert item.uid is not None
-        assert etag2 == etag
-        found_items[normalize_item(item)] = href
 
-    expected = {
+        async for href, etag in s.list():
-        normalize_item("BEGIN:VCALENDAR\n" + x + "\nEND:VCALENDAR") for x in items
+            item, etag2 = await s.get(href)
-    }
+            assert item.uid is not None
+            assert etag2 == etag
+            found_items[normalize_item(item)] = href
 
-    assert set(found_items) == expected
+        expected = {
+            normalize_item("BEGIN:VCALENDAR\n" + x + "\nEND:VCALENDAR") for x in items
+        }
 
-    for href, etag in s.list():
+        assert set(found_items) == expected
-        item, etag2 = s.get(href)
+
-        assert item.uid is not None
+        async for href, etag in s.list():
-        assert etag2 == etag
+            item, etag2 = await s.get(href)
-        assert found_items[normalize_item(item)] == href
+            assert item.uid is not None
+            assert etag2 == etag
+            assert found_items[normalize_item(item)] == href
 
 
-def test_readonly_param():
+def test_readonly_param(aio_connector):
+    """The ``readonly`` param cannot be ``False``."""
+
     url = "http://example.com/"
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-        HttpStorage(url=url, read_only=False)
+        HttpStorage(url=url, read_only=False, connector=aio_connector)
 
-    a = HttpStorage(url=url, read_only=True).read_only
+    a = HttpStorage(url=url, read_only=True, connector=aio_connector)
-    b = HttpStorage(url=url, read_only=None).read_only
+    b = HttpStorage(url=url, read_only=None, connector=aio_connector)
-    assert a is b is True
+
+    assert a.read_only is b.read_only is True
 
 
 def test_prepare_auth():
@@ -115,9 +120,9 @@ def test_prepare_auth_guess(monkeypatch):
     assert "requests_toolbelt is too old" in str(excinfo.value).lower()
 
 
-def test_verify_false_disallowed():
+def test_verify_false_disallowed(aio_connector):
     with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
-        HttpStorage(url="http://example.com", verify=False)
+        HttpStorage(url="http://example.com", verify=False, connector=aio_connector)
 
     assert "forbidden" in str(excinfo.value).lower()
     assert "consider setting verify_fingerprint" in str(excinfo.value).lower()

tests/storage/test_http_with_singlefile.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+import aiostream
 import pytest
-from requests import Response
+from aioresponses import aioresponses
+from aioresponses import CallbackResult
 
 import vdirsyncer.storage.http
 from . import StorageTests
@@ -14,32 +16,33 @@ class CombinedStorage(Storage):
     _repr_attributes = ("url", "path")
     storage_name = "http_and_singlefile"
 
-    def __init__(self, url, path, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, url, path, *, connector, **kwargs):
         if kwargs.get("collection", None) is not None:
             raise ValueError()
 
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
         self.url = url
         self.path = path
-        self._reader = vdirsyncer.storage.http.HttpStorage(url=url)
+        self._reader = vdirsyncer.storage.http.HttpStorage(url=url, connector=connector)
         self._reader._ignore_uids = False
         self._writer = SingleFileStorage(path=path)
 
-    def list(self, *a, **kw):
+    async def list(self, *a, **kw):
-        return self._reader.list(*a, **kw)
+        async for item in self._reader.list(*a, **kw):
+            yield item
 
-    def get(self, *a, **kw):
+    async def get(self, *a, **kw):
-        self.list()
+        await aiostream.stream.list(self.list())
-        return self._reader.get(*a, **kw)
+        return await self._reader.get(*a, **kw)
 
-    def upload(self, *a, **kw):
+    async def upload(self, *a, **kw):
-        return self._writer.upload(*a, **kw)
+        return await self._writer.upload(*a, **kw)
 
-    def update(self, *a, **kw):
+    async def update(self, *a, **kw):
-        return self._writer.update(*a, **kw)
+        return await self._writer.update(*a, **kw)
 
-    def delete(self, *a, **kw):
+    async def delete(self, *a, **kw):
-        return self._writer.delete(*a, **kw)
+        return await self._writer.delete(*a, **kw)
 
 
 class TestHttpStorage(StorageTests):
@@ -51,28 +54,37 @@ class TestHttpStorage(StorageTests):
     def setup_tmpdir(self, tmpdir, monkeypatch):
         self.tmpfile = str(tmpdir.ensure("collection.txt"))
 
-        def _request(method, url, *args, **kwargs):
+        def callback(url, headers, **kwargs):
-            assert method == "GET"
+            """Read our tmpfile at request time.
-            assert url == "http://localhost:123/collection.txt"
-            assert "vdirsyncer" in kwargs["headers"]["User-Agent"]
-            r = Response()
-            r.status_code = 200
-            try:
-                with open(self.tmpfile, "rb") as f:
-                    r._content = f.read()
-            except OSError:
-                r._content = b""
 
-            r.headers["Content-Type"] = "text/calendar"
+            We can't just read this during test setup since the file get written to
-            r.encoding = "utf-8"
+            during test execution.
-            return r
 
-        monkeypatch.setattr(vdirsyncer.storage.http, "request", _request)
+            It might make sense to actually run a server serving the local file.
+            """
+            assert headers["User-Agent"].startswith("vdirsyncer/")
+
+            with open(self.tmpfile, "r") as f:
+                body = f.read()
+
+            return CallbackResult(
+                status=200,
+                body=body,
+                headers={"Content-Type": "text/calendar; charset=utf-8"},
+            )
+
+        with aioresponses() as m:
+            m.get("http://localhost:123/collection.txt", callback=callback, repeat=True)
+            yield
 
     @pytest.fixture
-    def get_storage_args(self):
+    def get_storage_args(self, aio_connector):
-        def inner(collection=None):
+        async def inner(collection=None):
             assert collection is None
-            return {"url": "http://localhost:123/collection.txt", "path": self.tmpfile}
+            return {
+                "url": "http://localhost:123/collection.txt",
+                "path": self.tmpfile,
+                "connector": aio_connector,
+            }
 
         return inner

tests/storage/test_memory.py

@@ -11,4 +11,7 @@ class TestMemoryStorage(StorageTests):
 
     @pytest.fixture
     def get_storage_args(self):
-        return lambda **kw: kw
+        async def inner(**args):
+            return args
+
+        return inner

tests/storage/test_singlefile.py

@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ class TestSingleFileStorage(StorageTests):
 
     @pytest.fixture
     def get_storage_args(self, tmpdir):
-        def inner(collection="test"):
+        async def inner(collection="test"):
             rv = {"path": str(tmpdir.join("%s.txt")), "collection": collection}
             if collection is not None:
-                rv = self.storage_class.create_collection(**rv)
+                rv = await self.storage_class.create_collection(**rv)
             return rv
 
         return inner

tests/system/cli/test_utils.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import pytest
+
 from vdirsyncer import exceptions
 from vdirsyncer.cli.utils import handle_cli_error
 from vdirsyncer.cli.utils import storage_instance_from_config
@@ -15,11 +17,13 @@ def test_handle_cli_error(capsys):
     assert "ayy lmao" in err
 
 
-def test_storage_instance_from_config(monkeypatch):
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
-    def lol(**kw):
+async def test_storage_instance_from_config(monkeypatch, aio_connector):
-        assert kw == {"foo": "bar", "baz": 1}
+    class Dummy:
-        return "OK"
+        def __init__(self, **kw):
+            assert kw == {"foo": "bar", "baz": 1}
 
-    monkeypatch.setitem(storage_names._storages, "lol", lol)
+    monkeypatch.setitem(storage_names._storages, "lol", Dummy)
     config = {"type": "lol", "foo": "bar", "baz": 1}
-    assert storage_instance_from_config(config) == "OK"
+    storage = await storage_instance_from_config(config, connector=aio_connector)
+    assert isinstance(storage, Dummy)

tests/system/utils/test_main.py

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import logging
 import sys
 
+import aiohttp
 import click_log
 import pytest
-import requests
 from cryptography import x509
 from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
 
@@ -25,74 +25,77 @@ def test_get_storage_init_args():
     assert not required
 
 
-def test_request_ssl():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
-    with pytest.raises(requests.exceptions.ConnectionError) as excinfo:
+async def test_request_ssl():
-        http.request("GET", "https://self-signed.badssl.com/")
+    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
-    assert "certificate verify failed" in str(excinfo.value)
+        with pytest.raises(aiohttp.ClientConnectorCertificateError) as excinfo:
+            await http.request(
+                "GET",
+                "https://self-signed.badssl.com/",
+                session=session,
+            )
+        assert "certificate verify failed" in str(excinfo.value)
 
-    http.request("GET", "https://self-signed.badssl.com/", verify=False)
+        await http.request(
+            "GET",
+            "https://self-signed.badssl.com/",
+            verify=False,
+            session=session,
+        )
 
 
-def _fingerprints_broken():
+def fingerprint_of_cert(cert, hash=hashes.SHA256) -> str:
-    from pkg_resources import parse_version as ver
-
-    broken_urllib3 = ver(requests.__version__) <= ver("2.5.1")
-    return broken_urllib3
-
-
-def fingerprint_of_cert(cert, hash=hashes.SHA256):
     return x509.load_pem_x509_certificate(cert.bytes()).fingerprint(hash()).hex()
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skipif(
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("hash_algorithm", [hashes.SHA256])
-    _fingerprints_broken(), reason="https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/issues/529"
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
-)
+async def test_request_ssl_leaf_fingerprint(
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("hash_algorithm", [hashes.MD5, hashes.SHA256])
+    httpserver,
-def test_request_ssl_leaf_fingerprint(httpserver, localhost_cert, hash_algorithm):
+    localhost_cert,
+    hash_algorithm,
+    aio_session,
+):
     fingerprint = fingerprint_of_cert(localhost_cert.cert_chain_pems[0], hash_algorithm)
+    bogus = "".join(reversed(fingerprint))
 
     # We have to serve something:
     httpserver.expect_request("/").respond_with_data("OK")
-    url = f"https://{httpserver.host}:{httpserver.port}/"
+    url = f"https://127.0.0.1:{httpserver.port}/"
 
-    http.request("GET", url, verify=False, verify_fingerprint=fingerprint)
+    await http.request("GET", url, verify_fingerprint=fingerprint, session=aio_session)
-    with pytest.raises(requests.exceptions.ConnectionError) as excinfo:
-        http.request("GET", url, verify_fingerprint=fingerprint)
 
-    with pytest.raises(requests.exceptions.ConnectionError) as excinfo:
+    with pytest.raises(aiohttp.ServerFingerprintMismatch):
-        http.request(
+        await http.request("GET", url, verify_fingerprint=bogus, session=aio_session)
-            "GET",
-            url,
-            verify=False,
-            verify_fingerprint="".join(reversed(fingerprint)),
-        )
-    assert "Fingerprints did not match" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skipif(
-    _fingerprints_broken(), reason="https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/issues/529"
-)
 @pytest.mark.xfail(reason="Not implemented")
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("hash_algorithm", [hashes.MD5, hashes.SHA256])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("hash_algorithm", [hashes.SHA256])
-def test_request_ssl_ca_fingerprint(httpserver, ca, hash_algorithm):
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_request_ssl_ca_fingerprints(httpserver, ca, hash_algorithm, aio_session):
     fingerprint = fingerprint_of_cert(ca.cert_pem)
+    bogus = "".join(reversed(fingerprint))
 
     # We have to serve something:
     httpserver.expect_request("/").respond_with_data("OK")
-    url = f"https://{httpserver.host}:{httpserver.port}/"
+    url = f"https://127.0.0.1:{httpserver.port}/"
 
-    http.request("GET", url, verify=False, verify_fingerprint=fingerprint)
+    await http.request(
-    with pytest.raises(requests.exceptions.ConnectionError) as excinfo:
+        "GET",
-        http.request("GET", url, verify_fingerprint=fingerprint)
+        url,
+        verify=False,
+        verify_fingerprint=fingerprint,
+        session=aio_session,
+    )
 
-    with pytest.raises(requests.exceptions.ConnectionError) as excinfo:
+    with pytest.raises(aiohttp.ServerFingerprintMismatch):
         http.request(
             "GET",
             url,
             verify=False,
-            verify_fingerprint="".join(reversed(fingerprint)),
+            verify_fingerprint=bogus,
+            session=aio_session,
         )
-    assert "Fingerprints did not match" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
 def test_open_graphical_browser(monkeypatch):

tests/unit/cli/test_discover.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import aiostream
 import pytest
 
 from vdirsyncer.cli.discover import expand_collections
@@ -132,34 +133,40 @@ missing = object()
         ),
     ],
 )
-def test_expand_collections(shortcuts, expected):
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_expand_collections(shortcuts, expected):
     config_a = {"type": "fooboo", "storage_side": "a"}
 
     config_b = {"type": "fooboo", "storage_side": "b"}
 
-    def get_discovered_a():
+    async def get_discovered_a():
         return {
             "c1": {"type": "fooboo", "custom_arg": "a1", "collection": "c1"},
             "c2": {"type": "fooboo", "custom_arg": "a2", "collection": "c2"},
             "a3": {"type": "fooboo", "custom_arg": "a3", "collection": "a3"},
         }
 
-    def get_discovered_b():
+    async def get_discovered_b():
         return {
             "c1": {"type": "fooboo", "custom_arg": "b1", "collection": "c1"},
             "c2": {"type": "fooboo", "custom_arg": "b2", "collection": "c2"},
             "b3": {"type": "fooboo", "custom_arg": "b3", "collection": "b3"},
         }
 
+    async def handle_not_found(config, collection):
+        return missing
+
     assert (
         sorted(
-            expand_collections(
+            await aiostream.stream.list(
-                shortcuts,
+                expand_collections(
-                config_a,
+                    shortcuts,
-                config_b,
+                    config_a,
-                get_discovered_a,
+                    config_b,
-                get_discovered_b,
+                    get_discovered_a,
-                lambda config, collection: missing,
+                    get_discovered_b,
+                    handle_not_found,
+                )
             )
         )
         == sorted(expected)

tests/unit/sync/test_sync.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+import asyncio
 from copy import deepcopy
 
+import aiostream
 import hypothesis.strategies as st
 import pytest
 from hypothesis import assume
@@ -21,10 +23,10 @@ from vdirsyncer.sync.status import SqliteStatus
 from vdirsyncer.vobject import Item
 
 
-def sync(a, b, status, *args, **kwargs):
+async def sync(a, b, status, *args, **kwargs):
     new_status = SqliteStatus(":memory:")
     new_status.load_legacy_status(status)
-    rv = _sync(a, b, new_status, *args, **kwargs)
+    rv = await _sync(a, b, new_status, *args, **kwargs)
     status.clear()
     status.update(new_status.to_legacy_status())
     return rv
@@ -38,45 +40,49 @@ def items(s):
     return {x[1].raw for x in s.items.values()}
 
 
-def test_irrelevant_status():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_irrelevant_status():
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
     status = {"1": ("1", 1234, "1.ics", 2345)}
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
     assert not status
     assert not items(a)
     assert not items(b)
 
 
-def test_missing_status():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_missing_status():
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
     status = {}
     item = Item("asdf")
-    a.upload(item)
+    await a.upload(item)
-    b.upload(item)
+    await b.upload(item)
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
     assert len(status) == 1
     assert items(a) == items(b) == {item.raw}
 
 
-def test_missing_status_and_different_items():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_missing_status_and_different_items():
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
 
     status = {}
     item1 = Item("UID:1\nhaha")
     item2 = Item("UID:1\nhoho")
-    a.upload(item1)
+    await a.upload(item1)
-    b.upload(item2)
+    await b.upload(item2)
     with pytest.raises(SyncConflict):
-        sync(a, b, status)
+        await sync(a, b, status)
     assert not status
-    sync(a, b, status, conflict_resolution="a wins")
+    await sync(a, b, status, conflict_resolution="a wins")
     assert items(a) == items(b) == {item1.raw}
 
 
-def test_read_only_and_prefetch():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_read_only_and_prefetch():
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
     b.read_only = True
@@ -84,147 +90,154 @@ def test_read_only_and_prefetch():
     status = {}
     item1 = Item("UID:1\nhaha")
     item2 = Item("UID:2\nhoho")
-    a.upload(item1)
+    await a.upload(item1)
-    a.upload(item2)
+    await a.upload(item2)
 
-    sync(a, b, status, force_delete=True)
+    await sync(a, b, status, force_delete=True)
-    sync(a, b, status, force_delete=True)
+    await sync(a, b, status, force_delete=True)
 
     assert not items(a) and not items(b)
 
 
-def test_partial_sync_error():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_partial_sync_error():
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
     status = {}
 
-    a.upload(Item("UID:0"))
+    await a.upload(Item("UID:0"))
     b.read_only = True
 
     with pytest.raises(PartialSync):
-        sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="error")
+        await sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="error")
 
 
-def test_partial_sync_ignore():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_partial_sync_ignore():
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
     status = {}
 
     item0 = Item("UID:0\nhehe")
-    a.upload(item0)
+    await a.upload(item0)
-    b.upload(item0)
+    await b.upload(item0)
 
     b.read_only = True
 
     item1 = Item("UID:1\nhaha")
-    a.upload(item1)
+    await a.upload(item1)
 
-    sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="ignore")
+    await sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="ignore")
-    sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="ignore")
+    await sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="ignore")
 
     assert items(a) == {item0.raw, item1.raw}
     assert items(b) == {item0.raw}
 
 
-def test_partial_sync_ignore2():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_partial_sync_ignore2():
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
     status = {}
 
-    href, etag = a.upload(Item("UID:0"))
+    href, etag = await a.upload(Item("UID:0"))
     a.read_only = True
 
-    sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="ignore", force_delete=True)
+    await sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="ignore", force_delete=True)
     assert items(b) == items(a) == {"UID:0"}
 
     b.items.clear()
-    sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="ignore", force_delete=True)
+    await sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="ignore", force_delete=True)
-    sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="ignore", force_delete=True)
+    await sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="ignore", force_delete=True)
     assert items(a) == {"UID:0"}
     assert not b.items
 
     a.read_only = False
-    a.update(href, Item("UID:0\nupdated"), etag)
+    await a.update(href, Item("UID:0\nupdated"), etag)
     a.read_only = True
-    sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="ignore", force_delete=True)
+    await sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="ignore", force_delete=True)
     assert items(b) == items(a) == {"UID:0\nupdated"}
 
 
-def test_upload_and_update():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_upload_and_update():
     a = MemoryStorage(fileext=".a")
     b = MemoryStorage(fileext=".b")
     status = {}
 
     item = Item("UID:1")  # new item 1 in a
-    a.upload(item)
+    await a.upload(item)
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
     assert items(b) == items(a) == {item.raw}
 
     item = Item("UID:1\nASDF:YES")  # update of item 1 in b
-    b.update("1.b", item, b.get("1.b")[1])
+    await b.update("1.b", item, (await b.get("1.b"))[1])
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
     assert items(b) == items(a) == {item.raw}
 
     item2 = Item("UID:2")  # new item 2 in b
-    b.upload(item2)
+    await b.upload(item2)
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
     assert items(b) == items(a) == {item.raw, item2.raw}
 
     item2 = Item("UID:2\nASDF:YES")  # update of item 2 in a
-    a.update("2.a", item2, a.get("2.a")[1])
+    await a.update("2.a", item2, (await a.get("2.a"))[1])
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
     assert items(b) == items(a) == {item.raw, item2.raw}
 
 
-def test_deletion():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_deletion():
     a = MemoryStorage(fileext=".a")
     b = MemoryStorage(fileext=".b")
     status = {}
 
     item = Item("UID:1")
-    a.upload(item)
+    await a.upload(item)
     item2 = Item("UID:2")
-    a.upload(item2)
+    await a.upload(item2)
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
-    b.delete("1.b", b.get("1.b")[1])
+    await b.delete("1.b", (await b.get("1.b"))[1])
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
     assert items(a) == items(b) == {item2.raw}
 
-    a.upload(item)
+    await a.upload(item)
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
     assert items(a) == items(b) == {item.raw, item2.raw}
-    a.delete("1.a", a.get("1.a")[1])
+    await a.delete("1.a", (await a.get("1.a"))[1])
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
     assert items(a) == items(b) == {item2.raw}
 
 
-def test_insert_hash():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_insert_hash():
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
     status = {}
 
     item = Item("UID:1")
-    href, etag = a.upload(item)
+    href, etag = await a.upload(item)
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
 
     for d in status["1"]:
         del d["hash"]
 
-    a.update(href, Item("UID:1\nHAHA:YES"), etag)
+    await a.update(href, Item("UID:1\nHAHA:YES"), etag)
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
     assert "hash" in status["1"][0] and "hash" in status["1"][1]
 
 
-def test_already_synced():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_already_synced():
     a = MemoryStorage(fileext=".a")
     b = MemoryStorage(fileext=".b")
     item = Item("UID:1")
-    a.upload(item)
+    await a.upload(item)
-    b.upload(item)
+    await b.upload(item)
     status = {
         "1": (
-            {"href": "1.a", "hash": item.hash, "etag": a.get("1.a")[1]},
+            {"href": "1.a", "hash": item.hash, "etag": (await a.get("1.a"))[1]},
-            {"href": "1.b", "hash": item.hash, "etag": b.get("1.b")[1]},
+            {"href": "1.b", "hash": item.hash, "etag": (await b.get("1.b"))[1]},
         )
     }
     old_status = deepcopy(status)
@@ -233,69 +246,73 @@ def test_already_synced():
     )
 
     for _ in (1, 2):
-        sync(a, b, status)
+        await sync(a, b, status)
         assert status == old_status
         assert items(a) == items(b) == {item.raw}
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("winning_storage", "ab")
-def test_conflict_resolution_both_etags_new(winning_storage):
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_conflict_resolution_both_etags_new(winning_storage):
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
     item = Item("UID:1")
-    href_a, etag_a = a.upload(item)
+    href_a, etag_a = await a.upload(item)
-    href_b, etag_b = b.upload(item)
+    href_b, etag_b = await b.upload(item)
     status = {}
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
     assert status
     item_a = Item("UID:1\nitem a")
     item_b = Item("UID:1\nitem b")
-    a.update(href_a, item_a, etag_a)
+    await a.update(href_a, item_a, etag_a)
-    b.update(href_b, item_b, etag_b)
+    await b.update(href_b, item_b, etag_b)
     with pytest.raises(SyncConflict):
-        sync(a, b, status)
+        await sync(a, b, status)
-    sync(a, b, status, conflict_resolution=f"{winning_storage} wins")
+    await sync(a, b, status, conflict_resolution=f"{winning_storage} wins")
     assert (
         items(a) == items(b) == {item_a.raw if winning_storage == "a" else item_b.raw}
     )
 
 
-def test_updated_and_deleted():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_updated_and_deleted():
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
-    href_a, etag_a = a.upload(Item("UID:1"))
+    href_a, etag_a = await a.upload(Item("UID:1"))
     status = {}
-    sync(a, b, status, force_delete=True)
+    await sync(a, b, status, force_delete=True)
 
-    ((href_b, etag_b),) = b.list()
+    ((href_b, etag_b),) = await aiostream.stream.list(b.list())
-    b.delete(href_b, etag_b)
+    await b.delete(href_b, etag_b)
     updated = Item("UID:1\nupdated")
-    a.update(href_a, updated, etag_a)
+    await a.update(href_a, updated, etag_a)
-    sync(a, b, status, force_delete=True)
+    await sync(a, b, status, force_delete=True)
 
     assert items(a) == items(b) == {updated.raw}
 
 
-def test_conflict_resolution_invalid_mode():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_conflict_resolution_invalid_mode():
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
     item_a = Item("UID:1\nitem a")
     item_b = Item("UID:1\nitem b")
-    a.upload(item_a)
+    await a.upload(item_a)
-    b.upload(item_b)
+    await b.upload(item_b)
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-        sync(a, b, {}, conflict_resolution="yolo")
+        await sync(a, b, {}, conflict_resolution="yolo")
 
 
-def test_conflict_resolution_new_etags_without_changes():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_conflict_resolution_new_etags_without_changes():
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
     item = Item("UID:1")
-    href_a, etag_a = a.upload(item)
+    href_a, etag_a = await a.upload(item)
-    href_b, etag_b = b.upload(item)
+    href_b, etag_b = await b.upload(item)
     status = {"1": (href_a, "BOGUS_a", href_b, "BOGUS_b")}
 
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
 
     ((ident, (status_a, status_b)),) = status.items()
     assert ident == "1"
@@ -305,7 +322,8 @@ def test_conflict_resolution_new_etags_without_changes():
     assert status_b["etag"] == etag_b
 
 
-def test_uses_get_multi(monkeypatch):
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_uses_get_multi(monkeypatch):
     def breakdown(*a, **kw):
         raise AssertionError("Expected use of get_multi")
 
@@ -313,11 +331,11 @@ def test_uses_get_multi(monkeypatch):
 
     old_get = MemoryStorage.get
 
-    def get_multi(self, hrefs):
+    async def get_multi(self, hrefs):
         hrefs = list(hrefs)
         get_multi_calls.append(hrefs)
         for href in hrefs:
-            item, etag = old_get(self, href)
+            item, etag = await old_get(self, href)
             yield href, item, etag
 
     monkeypatch.setattr(MemoryStorage, "get", breakdown)
@@ -326,72 +344,77 @@ def test_uses_get_multi(monkeypatch):
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
     item = Item("UID:1")
-    expected_href, etag = a.upload(item)
+    expected_href, etag = await a.upload(item)
 
-    sync(a, b, {})
+    await sync(a, b, {})
     assert get_multi_calls == [[expected_href]]
 
 
-def test_empty_storage_dataloss():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_empty_storage_dataloss():
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
-    a.upload(Item("UID:1"))
+    await a.upload(Item("UID:1"))
-    a.upload(Item("UID:2"))
+    await a.upload(Item("UID:2"))
     status = {}
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
     with pytest.raises(StorageEmpty):
-        sync(MemoryStorage(), b, status)
+        await sync(MemoryStorage(), b, status)
 
     with pytest.raises(StorageEmpty):
-        sync(a, MemoryStorage(), status)
+        await sync(a, MemoryStorage(), status)
 
 
-def test_no_uids():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_no_uids():
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
-    a.upload(Item("ASDF"))
+    await a.upload(Item("ASDF"))
-    b.upload(Item("FOOBAR"))
+    await b.upload(Item("FOOBAR"))
     status = {}
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
     assert items(a) == items(b) == {"ASDF", "FOOBAR"}
 
 
-def test_changed_uids():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_changed_uids():
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
-    href_a, etag_a = a.upload(Item("UID:A-ONE"))
+    href_a, etag_a = await a.upload(Item("UID:A-ONE"))
-    href_b, etag_b = b.upload(Item("UID:B-ONE"))
+    href_b, etag_b = await b.upload(Item("UID:B-ONE"))
     status = {}
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
 
-    a.update(href_a, Item("UID:A-TWO"), etag_a)
+    await a.update(href_a, Item("UID:A-TWO"), etag_a)
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
 
 
-def test_both_readonly():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_both_readonly():
     a = MemoryStorage(read_only=True)
     b = MemoryStorage(read_only=True)
     assert a.read_only
     assert b.read_only
     status = {}
     with pytest.raises(BothReadOnly):
-        sync(a, b, status)
+        await sync(a, b, status)
 
 
-def test_partial_sync_revert():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_partial_sync_revert():
     a = MemoryStorage(instance_name="a")
     b = MemoryStorage(instance_name="b")
     status = {}
-    a.upload(Item("UID:1"))
+    await a.upload(Item("UID:1"))
-    b.upload(Item("UID:2"))
+    await b.upload(Item("UID:2"))
     b.read_only = True
 
-    sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="revert")
+    await sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="revert")
     assert len(status) == 2
     assert items(a) == {"UID:1", "UID:2"}
     assert items(b) == {"UID:2"}
 
-    sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="revert")
+    await sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="revert")
     assert len(status) == 1
     assert items(a) == {"UID:2"}
     assert items(b) == {"UID:2"}
@@ -399,37 +422,39 @@ def test_partial_sync_revert():
     # Check that updates get reverted
     a.items[next(iter(a.items))] = ("foo", Item("UID:2\nupdated"))
     assert items(a) == {"UID:2\nupdated"}
-    sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="revert")
+    await sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="revert")
     assert len(status) == 1
     assert items(a) == {"UID:2\nupdated"}
-    sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="revert")
+    await sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="revert")
     assert items(a) == {"UID:2"}
 
     # Check that deletions get reverted
     a.items.clear()
-    sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="revert", force_delete=True)
+    await sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="revert", force_delete=True)
-    sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="revert", force_delete=True)
+    await sync(a, b, status, partial_sync="revert", force_delete=True)
     assert items(a) == {"UID:2"}
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("sync_inbetween", (True, False))
-def test_ident_conflict(sync_inbetween):
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ident_conflict(sync_inbetween):
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
     status = {}
-    href_a, etag_a = a.upload(Item("UID:aaa"))
+    href_a, etag_a = await a.upload(Item("UID:aaa"))
-    href_b, etag_b = a.upload(Item("UID:bbb"))
+    href_b, etag_b = await a.upload(Item("UID:bbb"))
     if sync_inbetween:
-        sync(a, b, status)
+        await sync(a, b, status)
 
-    a.update(href_a, Item("UID:xxx"), etag_a)
+    await a.update(href_a, Item("UID:xxx"), etag_a)
-    a.update(href_b, Item("UID:xxx"), etag_b)
+    await a.update(href_b, Item("UID:xxx"), etag_b)
 
     with pytest.raises(IdentConflict):
-        sync(a, b, status)
+        await sync(a, b, status)
 
 
-def test_moved_href():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_moved_href():
     """
     Concrete application: ppl_ stores contact aliases in filenames, which means
     item's hrefs get changed. Vdirsyncer doesn't synchronize this data, but
@@ -440,8 +465,8 @@ def test_moved_href():
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
     status = {}
-    href, etag = a.upload(Item("UID:haha"))
+    href, etag = await a.upload(Item("UID:haha"))
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
 
     b.items["lol"] = b.items.pop("haha")
 
@@ -451,7 +476,7 @@ def test_moved_href():
     # No actual sync actions
     a.delete = a.update = a.upload = b.delete = b.update = b.upload = blow_up
 
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
     assert len(status) == 1
     assert items(a) == items(b) == {"UID:haha"}
     assert status["haha"][1]["href"] == "lol"
@@ -460,12 +485,13 @@ def test_moved_href():
     # Further sync should be a noop. Not even prefetching should occur.
     b.get_multi = blow_up
 
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
     assert old_status == status
     assert items(a) == items(b) == {"UID:haha"}
 
 
-def test_bogus_etag_change():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_bogus_etag_change():
     """Assert that sync algorithm is resilient against etag changes if content
     didn\'t change.
 
@@ -475,27 +501,33 @@ def test_bogus_etag_change():
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
     status = {}
-    href_a, etag_a = a.upload(Item("UID:ASDASD"))
+    href_a, etag_a = await a.upload(Item("UID:ASDASD"))
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
-    assert len(status) == len(list(a.list())) == len(list(b.list())) == 1
+    assert (
+        len(status)
+        == len(await aiostream.stream.list(a.list()))
+        == len(await aiostream.stream.list(b.list()))
+        == 1
+    )
 
-    ((href_b, etag_b),) = b.list()
+    ((href_b, etag_b),) = await aiostream.stream.list(b.list())
-    a.update(href_a, Item("UID:ASDASD"), etag_a)
+    await a.update(href_a, Item("UID:ASDASD"), etag_a)
-    b.update(href_b, Item("UID:ASDASD\nACTUALCHANGE:YES"), etag_b)
+    await b.update(href_b, Item("UID:ASDASD\nACTUALCHANGE:YES"), etag_b)
 
     b.delete = b.update = b.upload = blow_up
 
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
     assert len(status) == 1
     assert items(a) == items(b) == {"UID:ASDASD\nACTUALCHANGE:YES"}
 
 
-def test_unicode_hrefs():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_unicode_hrefs():
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
     status = {}
-    href, etag = a.upload(Item("UID:äää"))
+    href, etag = await a.upload(Item("UID:äää"))
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
 
 
 class ActionIntentionallyFailed(Exception):
@@ -511,11 +543,12 @@ class SyncMachine(RuleBasedStateMachine):
     Storage = Bundle("storage")
 
     @rule(target=Storage, flaky_etags=st.booleans(), null_etag_on_upload=st.booleans())
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
     def newstorage(self, flaky_etags, null_etag_on_upload):
         s = MemoryStorage()
         if flaky_etags:
 
-            def get(href):
+            async def get(href):
                 old_etag, item = s.items[href]
                 etag = _random_string()
                 s.items[href] = etag, item
@@ -526,8 +559,15 @@ class SyncMachine(RuleBasedStateMachine):
         if null_etag_on_upload:
             _old_upload = s.upload
             _old_update = s.update
-            s.upload = lambda item: (_old_upload(item)[0], "NULL")
+
-            s.update = lambda h, i, e: _old_update(h, i, e) and "NULL"
+            async def upload(item):
+                return ((await _old_upload(item)))[0], "NULL"
+
+            async def update(href, item, etag):
+                return await _old_update(href, item, etag) and "NULL"
+
+            s.upload = upload
+            s.update = update
 
         return s
 
@@ -547,11 +587,11 @@ class SyncMachine(RuleBasedStateMachine):
         _old_upload = s.upload
         _old_update = s.update
 
-        def upload(item):
+        async def upload(item):
-            return _old_upload(item)[0], None
+            return (await _old_upload(item))[0], None
 
-        def update(href, item, etag):
+        async def update(href, item, etag):
-            _old_update(href, item, etag)
+            return await _old_update(href, item, etag)
 
         s.upload = upload
         s.update = update
@@ -590,66 +630,73 @@ class SyncMachine(RuleBasedStateMachine):
         with_error_callback,
         partial_sync,
     ):
-        assume(a is not b)
+        async def inner():
-        old_items_a = items(a)
+            assume(a is not b)
-        old_items_b = items(b)
+            old_items_a = items(a)
+            old_items_b = items(b)
 
-        a.instance_name = "a"
+            a.instance_name = "a"
-        b.instance_name = "b"
+            b.instance_name = "b"
 
-        errors = []
+            errors = []
 
-        if with_error_callback:
+            if with_error_callback:
-            error_callback = errors.append
+                error_callback = errors.append
-        else:
+            else:
-            error_callback = None
+                error_callback = None
 
-        try:
+            try:
-            # If one storage is read-only, double-sync because changes don't
+                # If one storage is read-only, double-sync because changes don't
-            # get reverted immediately.
+                # get reverted immediately.
-            for _ in range(2 if a.read_only or b.read_only else 1):
+                for _ in range(2 if a.read_only or b.read_only else 1):
-                sync(
+                    await sync(
-                    a,
+                        a,
-                    b,
+                        b,
-                    status,
+                        status,
-                    force_delete=force_delete,
+                        force_delete=force_delete,
-                    conflict_resolution=conflict_resolution,
+                        conflict_resolution=conflict_resolution,
-                    error_callback=error_callback,
+                        error_callback=error_callback,
-                    partial_sync=partial_sync,
+                        partial_sync=partial_sync,
+                    )
+
+                for e in errors:
+                    raise e
+            except PartialSync:
+                assert partial_sync == "error"
+            except ActionIntentionallyFailed:
+                pass
+            except BothReadOnly:
+                assert a.read_only and b.read_only
+                assume(False)
+            except StorageEmpty:
+                if force_delete:
+                    raise
+                else:
+                    not_a = not await aiostream.stream.list(a.list())
+                    not_b = not await aiostream.stream.list(b.list())
+                    assert not_a or not_b
+            else:
+                items_a = items(a)
+                items_b = items(b)
+
+                assert items_a == items_b or partial_sync == "ignore"
+                assert items_a == old_items_a or not a.read_only
+                assert items_b == old_items_b or not b.read_only
+
+                assert (
+                    set(a.items) | set(b.items) == set(status)
+                    or partial_sync == "ignore"
                 )
 
-            for e in errors:
+        asyncio.run(inner())
-                raise e
-        except PartialSync:
-            assert partial_sync == "error"
-        except ActionIntentionallyFailed:
-            pass
-        except BothReadOnly:
-            assert a.read_only and b.read_only
-            assume(False)
-        except StorageEmpty:
-            if force_delete:
-                raise
-            else:
-                assert not list(a.list()) or not list(b.list())
-        else:
-            items_a = items(a)
-            items_b = items(b)
-
-            assert items_a == items_b or partial_sync == "ignore"
-            assert items_a == old_items_a or not a.read_only
-            assert items_b == old_items_b or not b.read_only
-
-            assert (
-                set(a.items) | set(b.items) == set(status) or partial_sync == "ignore"
-            )
 
 
 TestSyncMachine = SyncMachine.TestCase
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("error_callback", [True, False])
-def test_rollback(error_callback):
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_rollback(error_callback):
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
     status = {}
@@ -662,7 +709,7 @@ def test_rollback(error_callback):
     if error_callback:
         errors = []
 
-        sync(
+        await sync(
             a,
             b,
             status=status,
@@ -677,16 +724,22 @@ def test_rollback(error_callback):
         assert status["1"]
     else:
         with pytest.raises(ActionIntentionallyFailed):
-            sync(a, b, status=status, conflict_resolution="a wins")
+            await sync(a, b, status=status, conflict_resolution="a wins")
 
 
-def test_duplicate_hrefs():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_duplicate_hrefs():
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
-    a.list = lambda: [("a", "a")] * 3
+
+    async def fake_list():
+        for item in [("a", "a")] * 3:
+            yield item
+
+    a.list = fake_list
     a.items["a"] = ("a", Item("UID:a"))
 
     status = {}
-    sync(a, b, status)
+    await sync(a, b, status)
     with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
-        sync(a, b, status)
+        await sync(a, b, status)

tests/unit/test_metasync.py

@@ -12,105 +12,122 @@ from vdirsyncer.storage.base import normalize_meta_value
 from vdirsyncer.storage.memory import MemoryStorage
 
 
-def test_irrelevant_status():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_irrelevant_status():
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
     status = {"foo": "bar"}
 
-    metasync(a, b, status, keys=())
+    await metasync(a, b, status, keys=())
     assert not status
 
 
-def test_basic(monkeypatch):
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_basic(monkeypatch):
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
     status = {}
 
-    a.set_meta("foo", "bar")
+    await a.set_meta("foo", "bar")
-    metasync(a, b, status, keys=["foo"])
+    await metasync(a, b, status, keys=["foo"])
-    assert a.get_meta("foo") == b.get_meta("foo") == "bar"
+    assert await a.get_meta("foo") == await b.get_meta("foo") == "bar"
 
-    a.set_meta("foo", "baz")
+    await a.set_meta("foo", "baz")
-    metasync(a, b, status, keys=["foo"])
+    await metasync(a, b, status, keys=["foo"])
-    assert a.get_meta("foo") == b.get_meta("foo") == "baz"
+    assert await a.get_meta("foo") == await b.get_meta("foo") == "baz"
 
     monkeypatch.setattr(a, "set_meta", blow_up)
     monkeypatch.setattr(b, "set_meta", blow_up)
-    metasync(a, b, status, keys=["foo"])
+    await metasync(a, b, status, keys=["foo"])
-    assert a.get_meta("foo") == b.get_meta("foo") == "baz"
+    assert await a.get_meta("foo") == await b.get_meta("foo") == "baz"
     monkeypatch.undo()
     monkeypatch.undo()
 
-    b.set_meta("foo", None)
+    await b.set_meta("foo", None)
-    metasync(a, b, status, keys=["foo"])
+    await metasync(a, b, status, keys=["foo"])
-    assert not a.get_meta("foo") and not b.get_meta("foo")
+    assert not await a.get_meta("foo") and not await b.get_meta("foo")
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def conflict_state(request):
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def conflict_state(request, event_loop):
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
     status = {}
-    a.set_meta("foo", "bar")
+    await a.set_meta("foo", "bar")
-    b.set_meta("foo", "baz")
+    await b.set_meta("foo", "baz")
 
     def cleanup():
-        assert a.get_meta("foo") == "bar"
+        async def do_cleanup():
-        assert b.get_meta("foo") == "baz"
+            assert await a.get_meta("foo") == "bar"
-        assert not status
+            assert await b.get_meta("foo") == "baz"
+            assert not status
+
+        event_loop.run_until_complete(do_cleanup())
 
     request.addfinalizer(cleanup)
 
     return a, b, status
 
 
-def test_conflict(conflict_state):
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_conflict(conflict_state):
     a, b, status = conflict_state
 
     with pytest.raises(MetaSyncConflict):
-        metasync(a, b, status, keys=["foo"])
+        await metasync(a, b, status, keys=["foo"])
 
 
-def test_invalid_conflict_resolution(conflict_state):
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_invalid_conflict_resolution(conflict_state):
     a, b, status = conflict_state
 
     with pytest.raises(UserError) as excinfo:
-        metasync(a, b, status, keys=["foo"], conflict_resolution="foo")
+        await metasync(a, b, status, keys=["foo"], conflict_resolution="foo")
 
     assert "Invalid conflict resolution setting" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
-def test_warning_on_custom_conflict_commands(conflict_state, monkeypatch):
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_warning_on_custom_conflict_commands(conflict_state, monkeypatch):
     a, b, status = conflict_state
     warnings = []
     monkeypatch.setattr(logger, "warning", warnings.append)
 
     with pytest.raises(MetaSyncConflict):
-        metasync(a, b, status, keys=["foo"], conflict_resolution=lambda *a, **kw: None)
+        await metasync(
+            a,
+            b,
+            status,
+            keys=["foo"],
+            conflict_resolution=lambda *a, **kw: None,
+        )
 
     assert warnings == ["Custom commands don't work on metasync."]
 
 
-def test_conflict_same_content():
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_conflict_same_content():
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
     status = {}
-    a.set_meta("foo", "bar")
+    await a.set_meta("foo", "bar")
-    b.set_meta("foo", "bar")
+    await b.set_meta("foo", "bar")
 
-    metasync(a, b, status, keys=["foo"])
+    await metasync(a, b, status, keys=["foo"])
-    assert a.get_meta("foo") == b.get_meta("foo") == status["foo"] == "bar"
+    assert await a.get_meta("foo") == await b.get_meta("foo") == status["foo"] == "bar"
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("wins", "ab")
-def test_conflict_x_wins(wins):
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_conflict_x_wins(wins):
     a = MemoryStorage()
     b = MemoryStorage()
     status = {}
-    a.set_meta("foo", "bar")
+    await a.set_meta("foo", "bar")
-    b.set_meta("foo", "baz")
+    await b.set_meta("foo", "baz")
 
-    metasync(
+    await metasync(
         a,
         b,
         status,
@@ -119,8 +136,8 @@ def test_conflict_x_wins(wins):
     )
 
     assert (
-        a.get_meta("foo")
+        await a.get_meta("foo")
-        == b.get_meta("foo")
+        == await b.get_meta("foo")
         == status["foo"]
         == ("bar" if wins == "a" else "baz")
     )
@@ -148,7 +165,8 @@ metadata = st.dictionaries(keys, values)
     keys={"0"},
     conflict_resolution="a wins",
 )
-def test_fuzzing(a, b, status, keys, conflict_resolution):
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_fuzzing(a, b, status, keys, conflict_resolution):
     def _get_storage(m, instance_name):
         s = MemoryStorage(instance_name=instance_name)
         s.metadata = m
@@ -159,13 +177,13 @@ def test_fuzzing(a, b, status, keys, conflict_resolution):
 
     winning_storage = a if conflict_resolution == "a wins" else b
     expected_values = {
-        key: winning_storage.get_meta(key) for key in keys if key not in status
+        key: await winning_storage.get_meta(key) for key in keys if key not in status
     }
 
-    metasync(a, b, status, keys=keys, conflict_resolution=conflict_resolution)
+    await metasync(a, b, status, keys=keys, conflict_resolution=conflict_resolution)
 
     for key in keys:
         s = status.get(key, "")
-        assert a.get_meta(key) == b.get_meta(key) == s
+        assert await a.get_meta(key) == await b.get_meta(key) == s
         if expected_values.get(key, "") and s:
             assert s == expected_values[key]

tests/unit/test_repair.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import aiostream
 import pytest
 from hypothesis import given
 from hypothesis import HealthCheck
@@ -15,37 +16,42 @@ from vdirsyncer.vobject import Item
 @given(uid=uid_strategy)
 # Using the random module for UIDs:
 @settings(suppress_health_check=HealthCheck.all())
-def test_repair_uids(uid):
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_repair_uids(uid):
     s = MemoryStorage()
     s.items = {
         "one": ("asdf", Item(f"BEGIN:VCARD\nFN:Hans\nUID:{uid}\nEND:VCARD")),
         "two": ("asdf", Item(f"BEGIN:VCARD\nFN:Peppi\nUID:{uid}\nEND:VCARD")),
     }
 
-    uid1, uid2 = [s.get(href)[0].uid for href, etag in s.list()]
+    uid1, uid2 = [(await s.get(href))[0].uid async for href, etag in s.list()]
     assert uid1 == uid2
 
-    repair_storage(s, repair_unsafe_uid=False)
+    await repair_storage(s, repair_unsafe_uid=False)
 
-    uid1, uid2 = [s.get(href)[0].uid for href, etag in s.list()]
+    uid1, uid2 = [
+        (await s.get(href))[0].uid
+        for href, etag in await aiostream.stream.list(s.list())
+    ]
     assert uid1 != uid2
 
 
 @given(uid=uid_strategy.filter(lambda x: not href_safe(x)))
 # Using the random module for UIDs:
 @settings(suppress_health_check=HealthCheck.all())
-def test_repair_unsafe_uids(uid):
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_repair_unsafe_uids(uid):
     s = MemoryStorage()
     item = Item(f"BEGIN:VCARD\nUID:{uid}\nEND:VCARD")
-    href, etag = s.upload(item)
+    href, etag = await s.upload(item)
-    assert s.get(href)[0].uid == uid
+    assert (await s.get(href))[0].uid == uid
     assert not href_safe(uid)
 
-    repair_storage(s, repair_unsafe_uid=True)
+    await repair_storage(s, repair_unsafe_uid=True)
 
-    new_href = list(s.list())[0][0]
+    new_href = (await aiostream.stream.list(s.list()))[0][0]
     assert href_safe(new_href)
-    newuid = s.get(new_href)[0].uid
+    newuid = (await s.get(new_href))[0].uid
     assert href_safe(newuid)
 
 

vdirsyncer/cli/__init__.py

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
+import asyncio
 import functools
 import json
 import logging
 import sys
 
+import aiohttp
 import click
 import click_log
 
@@ -124,17 +126,26 @@ def sync(ctx, collections, force_delete):
     """
     from .tasks import prepare_pair, sync_collection
 
-    for pair_name, collections in collections:
+    async def main(collections):
-        for collection, config in prepare_pair(
+        conn = aiohttp.TCPConnector(limit_per_host=16)
-            pair_name=pair_name,
+
-            collections=collections,
+        for pair_name, collections in collections:
-            config=ctx.config,
+            async for collection, config in prepare_pair(
-        ):
+                pair_name=pair_name,
-            sync_collection(
+                collections=collections,
-                collection=collection,
+                config=ctx.config,
-                general=config,
+                connector=conn,
-                force_delete=force_delete,
+            ):
-            )
+                await sync_collection(
+                    collection=collection,
+                    general=config,
+                    force_delete=force_delete,
+                    connector=conn,
+                )
+
+        await conn.close()
+
+    asyncio.run(main(collections))
 
 
 @app.command()
@@ -149,13 +160,31 @@ def metasync(ctx, collections):
     """
     from .tasks import prepare_pair, metasync_collection
 
-    for pair_name, collections in collections:
+    async def main(collections):
-        for collection, config in prepare_pair(
+        conn = aiohttp.TCPConnector(limit_per_host=16)
-            pair_name=pair_name,
+
-            collections=collections,
+        for pair_name, collections in collections:
-            config=ctx.config,
+            collections = prepare_pair(
-        ):
+                pair_name=pair_name,
-            metasync_collection(collection=collection, general=config)
+                collections=collections,
+                config=ctx.config,
+                connector=conn,
+            )
+
+            await asyncio.gather(
+                *[
+                    metasync_collection(
+                        collection=collection,
+                        general=config,
+                        connector=conn,
+                    )
+                    async for collection, config in collections
+                ]
+            )
+
+        await conn.close()
+
+    asyncio.run(main(collections))
 
 
 @app.command()
@@ -178,15 +207,23 @@ def discover(ctx, pairs, list):
 
     config = ctx.config
 
-    for pair_name in pairs or config.pairs:
+    async def main():
-        pair = config.get_pair(pair_name)
+        conn = aiohttp.TCPConnector(limit_per_host=16)
 
-        discover_collections(
+        for pair_name in pairs or config.pairs:
-            status_path=config.general["status_path"],
+            pair = config.get_pair(pair_name)
-            pair=pair,
+
-            from_cache=False,
+            await discover_collections(
-            list_collections=list,
+                status_path=config.general["status_path"],
-        )
+                pair=pair,
+                from_cache=False,
+                list_collections=list,
+                connector=conn,
+            )
+
+        await conn.close()
+
+    asyncio.run(main())
 
 
 @app.command()
@@ -225,7 +262,18 @@ def repair(ctx, collection, repair_unsafe_uid):
         "turn off other client's synchronization features."
     )
     click.confirm("Do you want to continue?", abort=True)
-    repair_collection(ctx.config, collection, repair_unsafe_uid=repair_unsafe_uid)
+
+    async def main():
+        conn = aiohttp.TCPConnector(limit_per_host=16)
+        await repair_collection(
+            ctx.config,
+            collection,
+            repair_unsafe_uid=repair_unsafe_uid,
+            connector=conn,
+        )
+        await conn.close()
+
+    asyncio.run(main())
 
 
 @app.command()

vdirsyncer/cli/discover.py

@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
+import asyncio
 import hashlib
 import json
 import logging
 import sys
 
+import aiohttp
+import aiostream
+
 from .. import exceptions
-from ..utils import cached_property
 from .utils import handle_collection_not_found
 from .utils import handle_storage_init_error
 from .utils import load_status
@@ -35,7 +38,14 @@ def _get_collections_cache_key(pair):
     return m.hexdigest()
 
 
-def collections_for_pair(status_path, pair, from_cache=True, list_collections=False):
+async def collections_for_pair(
+    status_path,
+    pair,
+    from_cache=True,
+    list_collections=False,
+    *,
+    connector: aiohttp.TCPConnector,
+):
     """Determine all configured collections for a given pair. Takes care of
     shortcut expansion and result caching.
 
@@ -67,16 +77,24 @@ def collections_for_pair(status_path, pair, from_cache=True, list_collections=Fa
 
     logger.info("Discovering collections for pair {}".format(pair.name))
 
-    a_discovered = _DiscoverResult(pair.config_a)
+    a_discovered = _DiscoverResult(pair.config_a, connector=connector)
-    b_discovered = _DiscoverResult(pair.config_b)
+    b_discovered = _DiscoverResult(pair.config_b, connector=connector)
 
     if list_collections:
-        _print_collections(pair.config_a["instance_name"], a_discovered.get_self)
+        await _print_collections(
-        _print_collections(pair.config_b["instance_name"], b_discovered.get_self)
+            pair.config_a["instance_name"],
+            a_discovered.get_self,
+            connector=connector,
+        )
+        await _print_collections(
+            pair.config_b["instance_name"],
+            b_discovered.get_self,
+            connector=connector,
+        )
 
     # We have to use a list here because the special None/null value would get
     # mangled to string (because JSON objects always have string keys).
-    rv = list(
+    rv = await aiostream.stream.list(
         expand_collections(
             shortcuts=pair.collections,
             config_a=pair.config_a,
@@ -87,7 +105,7 @@ def collections_for_pair(status_path, pair, from_cache=True, list_collections=Fa
         )
     )
 
-    _sanity_check_collections(rv)
+    await _sanity_check_collections(rv, connector=connector)
 
     save_status(
         status_path,
@@ -103,10 +121,14 @@ def collections_for_pair(status_path, pair, from_cache=True, list_collections=Fa
     return rv
 
 
-def _sanity_check_collections(collections):
+async def _sanity_check_collections(collections, *, connector):
+    tasks = []
+
     for _, (a_args, b_args) in collections:
-        storage_instance_from_config(a_args)
+        tasks.append(storage_instance_from_config(a_args, connector=connector))
-        storage_instance_from_config(b_args)
+        tasks.append(storage_instance_from_config(b_args, connector=connector))
+
+    await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
 
 
 def _compress_collections_cache(collections, config_a, config_b):
@@ -134,17 +156,28 @@ def _expand_collections_cache(collections, config_a, config_b):
 
 
 class _DiscoverResult:
-    def __init__(self, config):
+    def __init__(self, config, *, connector):
         self._cls, _ = storage_class_from_config(config)
-        self._config = config
 
-    def get_self(self):
+        if self._cls.__name__ in [
+            "CardDAVStorage",
+            "CalDAVStorage",
+            "GoogleCalendarStorage",
+        ]:
+            assert connector is not None
+            config["connector"] = connector
+
+        self._config = config
+        self._discovered = None
+
+    async def get_self(self):
+        if self._discovered is None:
+            self._discovered = await self._discover()
         return self._discovered
 
-    @cached_property
+    async def _discover(self):
-    def _discovered(self):
         try:
-            discovered = list(self._cls.discover(**self._config))
+            discovered = await aiostream.stream.list(self._cls.discover(**self._config))
         except NotImplementedError:
             return {}
         except Exception:
@@ -158,7 +191,7 @@ class _DiscoverResult:
             return rv
 
 
-def expand_collections(
+async def expand_collections(
     shortcuts,
     config_a,
     config_b,
@@ -173,9 +206,9 @@ def expand_collections(
 
     for shortcut in shortcuts:
         if shortcut == "from a":
-            collections = get_a_discovered()
+            collections = await get_a_discovered()
         elif shortcut == "from b":
-            collections = get_b_discovered()
+            collections = await get_b_discovered()
         else:
             collections = [shortcut]
 
@@ -189,17 +222,23 @@ def expand_collections(
                 continue
             handled_collections.add(collection)
 
-            a_args = _collection_from_discovered(
+            a_args = await _collection_from_discovered(
-                get_a_discovered, collection_a, config_a, _handle_collection_not_found
+                get_a_discovered,
+                collection_a,
+                config_a,
+                _handle_collection_not_found,
             )
-            b_args = _collection_from_discovered(
+            b_args = await _collection_from_discovered(
-                get_b_discovered, collection_b, config_b, _handle_collection_not_found
+                get_b_discovered,
+                collection_b,
+                config_b,
+                _handle_collection_not_found,
             )
 
             yield collection, (a_args, b_args)
 
 
-def _collection_from_discovered(
+async def _collection_from_discovered(
     get_discovered, collection, config, _handle_collection_not_found
 ):
     if collection is None:
@@ -208,14 +247,19 @@ def _collection_from_discovered(
         return args
 
     try:
-        return get_discovered()[collection]
+        return (await get_discovered())[collection]
     except KeyError:
-        return _handle_collection_not_found(config, collection)
+        return await _handle_collection_not_found(config, collection)
 
 
-def _print_collections(instance_name, get_discovered):
+async def _print_collections(
+    instance_name: str,
+    get_discovered,
+    *,
+    connector: aiohttp.TCPConnector,
+):
     try:
-        discovered = get_discovered()
+        discovered = await get_discovered()
     except exceptions.UserError:
         raise
     except Exception:
@@ -238,8 +282,12 @@ def _print_collections(instance_name, get_discovered):
 
         args["instance_name"] = instance_name
         try:
-            storage = storage_instance_from_config(args, create=False)
+            storage = await storage_instance_from_config(
-            displayname = storage.get_meta("displayname")
+                args,
+                create=False,
+                connector=connector,
+            )
+            displayname = await storage.get_meta("displayname")
         except Exception:
             displayname = ""
 

vdirsyncer/cli/tasks.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 import json
 
+import aiohttp
+
 from .. import exceptions
 from .. import sync
 from .config import CollectionConfig
@@ -15,11 +17,15 @@ from .utils import manage_sync_status
 from .utils import save_status
 
 
-def prepare_pair(pair_name, collections, config):
+async def prepare_pair(pair_name, collections, config, *, connector):
     pair = config.get_pair(pair_name)
 
     all_collections = dict(
-        collections_for_pair(status_path=config.general["status_path"], pair=pair)
+        await collections_for_pair(
+            status_path=config.general["status_path"],
+            pair=pair,
+            connector=connector,
+        )
     )
 
     for collection_name in collections or all_collections:
@@ -37,15 +43,21 @@ def prepare_pair(pair_name, collections, config):
         yield collection, config.general
 
 
-def sync_collection(collection, general, force_delete):
+async def sync_collection(
+    collection,
+    general,
+    force_delete,
+    *,
+    connector: aiohttp.TCPConnector,
+):
     pair = collection.pair
     status_name = get_status_name(pair.name, collection.name)
 
     try:
         cli_logger.info(f"Syncing {status_name}")
 
-        a = storage_instance_from_config(collection.config_a)
+        a = await storage_instance_from_config(collection.config_a, connector=connector)
-        b = storage_instance_from_config(collection.config_b)
+        b = await storage_instance_from_config(collection.config_b, connector=connector)
 
         sync_failed = False
 
@@ -57,7 +69,7 @@ def sync_collection(collection, general, force_delete):
         with manage_sync_status(
             general["status_path"], pair.name, collection.name
         ) as status:
-            sync.sync(
+            await sync.sync(
                 a,
                 b,
                 status,
@@ -76,9 +88,9 @@ def sync_collection(collection, general, force_delete):
         raise JobFailed()
 
 
-def discover_collections(pair, **kwargs):
+async def discover_collections(pair, **kwargs):
-    rv = collections_for_pair(pair=pair, **kwargs)
+    rv = await collections_for_pair(pair=pair, **kwargs)
-    collections = list(c for c, (a, b) in rv)
+    collections = [c for c, (a, b) in rv]
     if collections == [None]:
         collections = None
     cli_logger.info(
@@ -86,7 +98,13 @@ def discover_collections(pair, **kwargs):
     )
 
 
-def repair_collection(config, collection, repair_unsafe_uid):
+async def repair_collection(
+    config,
+    collection,
+    repair_unsafe_uid,
+    *,
+    connector: aiohttp.TCPConnector,
+):
     from ..repair import repair_storage
 
     storage_name, collection = collection, None
@@ -99,7 +117,7 @@ def repair_collection(config, collection, repair_unsafe_uid):
     if collection is not None:
         cli_logger.info("Discovering collections (skipping cache).")
         cls, config = storage_class_from_config(config)
-        for config in cls.discover(**config):
+        async for config in cls.discover(**config):
             if config["collection"] == collection:
                 break
         else:
@@ -110,14 +128,14 @@ def repair_collection(config, collection, repair_unsafe_uid):
             )
 
     config["type"] = storage_type
-    storage = storage_instance_from_config(config)
+    storage = await storage_instance_from_config(config, connector=connector)
 
     cli_logger.info(f"Repairing {storage_name}/{collection}")
     cli_logger.warning("Make sure no other program is talking to the server.")
-    repair_storage(storage, repair_unsafe_uid=repair_unsafe_uid)
+    await repair_storage(storage, repair_unsafe_uid=repair_unsafe_uid)
 
 
-def metasync_collection(collection, general):
+async def metasync_collection(collection, general, *, connector: aiohttp.TCPConnector):
     from ..metasync import metasync
 
     pair = collection.pair
@@ -133,10 +151,10 @@ def metasync_collection(collection, general):
             or {}
         )
 
-        a = storage_instance_from_config(collection.config_a)
+        a = await storage_instance_from_config(collection.config_a, connector=connector)
-        b = storage_instance_from_config(collection.config_b)
+        b = await storage_instance_from_config(collection.config_b, connector=connector)
 
-        metasync(
+        await metasync(
             a,
             b,
             status,

vdirsyncer/cli/utils.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import json
 import os
 import sys
 
+import aiohttp
 import click
 from atomicwrites import atomic_write
 
@@ -252,22 +253,37 @@ def storage_class_from_config(config):
     return cls, config
 
 
-def storage_instance_from_config(config, create=True):
+async def storage_instance_from_config(
+    config,
+    create=True,
+    *,
+    connector: aiohttp.TCPConnector,
+):
     """
     :param config: A configuration dictionary to pass as kwargs to the class
         corresponding to config['type']
     """
+    from vdirsyncer.storage.dav import DAVStorage
+    from vdirsyncer.storage.http import HttpStorage
 
     cls, new_config = storage_class_from_config(config)
 
+    if issubclass(cls, DAVStorage) or issubclass(cls, HttpStorage):
+        assert connector is not None  # FIXME: hack?
+        new_config["connector"] = connector
+
     try:
         return cls(**new_config)
     except exceptions.CollectionNotFound as e:
         if create:
-            config = handle_collection_not_found(
+            config = await handle_collection_not_found(
                 config, config.get("collection", None), e=str(e)
             )
-            return storage_instance_from_config(config, create=False)
+            return await storage_instance_from_config(
+                config,
+                create=False,
+                connector=connector,
+            )
         else:
             raise
     except Exception:
@@ -319,7 +335,7 @@ def assert_permissions(path, wanted):
         os.chmod(path, wanted)
 
 
-def handle_collection_not_found(config, collection, e=None):
+async def handle_collection_not_found(config, collection, e=None):
     storage_name = config.get("instance_name", None)
 
     cli_logger.warning(
@@ -333,7 +349,7 @@ def handle_collection_not_found(config, collection, e=None):
         cls, config = storage_class_from_config(config)
         config["collection"] = collection
         try:
-            args = cls.create_collection(**config)
+            args = await cls.create_collection(**config)
             args["type"] = storage_type
             return args
         except NotImplementedError as e:

vdirsyncer/http.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import logging
 
-import requests
+import aiohttp
 
 from . import __version__
 from . import DOCS_HOME
@@ -99,23 +99,8 @@ def prepare_client_cert(cert):
     return cert
 
 
-def _install_fingerprint_adapter(session, fingerprint):
+async def request(
-    prefix = "https://"
+    method, url, session, latin1_fallback=True, verify_fingerprint=None, **kwargs
-    try:
-        from requests_toolbelt.adapters.fingerprint import FingerprintAdapter
-    except ImportError:
-        raise RuntimeError(
-            "`verify_fingerprint` can only be used with "
-            "requests-toolbelt versions >= 0.4.0"
-        )
-
-    if not isinstance(session.adapters[prefix], FingerprintAdapter):
-        fingerprint_adapter = FingerprintAdapter(fingerprint)
-        session.mount(prefix, fingerprint_adapter)
-
-
-def request(
-    method, url, session=None, latin1_fallback=True, verify_fingerprint=None, **kwargs
 ):
     """
     Wrapper method for requests, to ease logging and mocking. Parameters should
@@ -132,16 +117,20 @@ def request(
         https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2042
     """
 
-    if session is None:
-        session = requests.Session()
-
     if verify_fingerprint is not None:
-        _install_fingerprint_adapter(session, verify_fingerprint)
+        ssl = aiohttp.Fingerprint(bytes.fromhex(verify_fingerprint.replace(":", "")))
+        kwargs.pop("verify", None)
+    elif kwargs.pop("verify", None) is False:
+        ssl = False
+    else:
+        ssl = None  # TODO XXX: Check all possible values for this
 
     session.hooks = {"response": _fix_redirects}
 
     func = session.request
 
+    # TODO: rewrite using
+    # https://docs.aiohttp.org/en/stable/client_advanced.html#client-tracing
     logger.debug("=" * 20)
     logger.debug(f"{method} {url}")
     logger.debug(kwargs.get("headers", {}))
@@ -150,7 +139,14 @@ def request(
 
     assert isinstance(kwargs.get("data", b""), bytes)
 
-    r = func(method, url, **kwargs)
+    kwargs.pop("cert", None)  # TODO XXX FIXME!
+
+    # Hacks to translate API
+    if auth := kwargs.pop("auth", None):
+        kwargs["auth"] = aiohttp.BasicAuth(*auth)
+
+    r = func(method, url, ssl=ssl, **kwargs)
+    r = await r
 
     # See https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2042
     content_type = r.headers.get("Content-Type", "")
@@ -162,13 +158,13 @@ def request(
         logger.debug("Removing latin1 fallback")
         r.encoding = None
 
-    logger.debug(r.status_code)
+    logger.debug(r.status)
     logger.debug(r.headers)
     logger.debug(r.content)
 
-    if r.status_code == 412:
+    if r.status == 412:
         raise exceptions.PreconditionFailed(r.reason)
-    if r.status_code in (404, 410):
+    if r.status in (404, 410):
         raise exceptions.NotFoundError(r.reason)
 
     r.raise_for_status()

vdirsyncer/metasync.py

@@ -14,24 +14,24 @@ class MetaSyncConflict(MetaSyncError):
     key = None
 
 
-def metasync(storage_a, storage_b, status, keys, conflict_resolution=None):
+async def metasync(storage_a, storage_b, status, keys, conflict_resolution=None):
-    def _a_to_b():
+    async def _a_to_b():
         logger.info(f"Copying {key} to {storage_b}")
-        storage_b.set_meta(key, a)
+        await storage_b.set_meta(key, a)
         status[key] = a
 
-    def _b_to_a():
+    async def _b_to_a():
         logger.info(f"Copying {key} to {storage_a}")
-        storage_a.set_meta(key, b)
+        await storage_a.set_meta(key, b)
         status[key] = b
 
-    def _resolve_conflict():
+    async def _resolve_conflict():
         if a == b:
             status[key] = a
         elif conflict_resolution == "a wins":
-            _a_to_b()
+            await _a_to_b()
         elif conflict_resolution == "b wins":
-            _b_to_a()
+            await _b_to_a()
         else:
             if callable(conflict_resolution):
                 logger.warning("Custom commands don't work on metasync.")
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ def metasync(storage_a, storage_b, status, keys, conflict_resolution=None):
             raise MetaSyncConflict(key)
 
     for key in keys:
-        a = storage_a.get_meta(key)
+        a = await storage_a.get_meta(key)
-        b = storage_b.get_meta(key)
+        b = await storage_b.get_meta(key)
         s = normalize_meta_value(status.get(key))
         logger.debug(f"Key: {key}")
         logger.debug(f"A: {a}")
@@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ def metasync(storage_a, storage_b, status, keys, conflict_resolution=None):
         logger.debug(f"S: {s}")
 
         if a != s and b != s:
-            _resolve_conflict()
+            await _resolve_conflict()
         elif a != s and b == s:
-            _a_to_b()
+            await _a_to_b()
         elif a == s and b != s:
-            _b_to_a()
+            await _b_to_a()
         else:
             assert a == b
 

vdirsyncer/repair.py

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import logging
 from os.path import basename
 
+import aiostream
+
 from .utils import generate_href
 from .utils import href_safe
 
@@ -11,11 +13,11 @@ class IrreparableItem(Exception):
     pass
 
 
-def repair_storage(storage, repair_unsafe_uid):
+async def repair_storage(storage, repair_unsafe_uid):
     seen_uids = set()
-    all_hrefs = list(storage.list())
+    all_hrefs = await aiostream.stream.list(storage.list())
     for i, (href, _) in enumerate(all_hrefs):
-        item, etag = storage.get(href)
+        item, etag = await storage.get(href)
         logger.info("[{}/{}] Processing {}".format(i, len(all_hrefs), href))
 
         try:
@@ -32,10 +34,10 @@ def repair_storage(storage, repair_unsafe_uid):
         seen_uids.add(new_item.uid)
         if new_item.raw != item.raw:
             if new_item.uid != item.uid:
-                storage.upload(new_item)
+                await storage.upload(new_item)
-                storage.delete(href, etag)
+                await storage.delete(href, etag)
             else:
-                storage.update(href, new_item, etag)
+                await storage.update(href, new_item, etag)
 
 
 def repair_item(href, item, seen_uids, repair_unsafe_uid):

vdirsyncer/storage/base.py

@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ from ..utils import uniq
 
 def mutating_storage_method(f):
     @functools.wraps(f)
-    def inner(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    async def inner(self, *args, **kwargs):
         if self.read_only:
             raise exceptions.ReadOnlyError("This storage is read-only.")
-        return f(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        return await f(self, *args, **kwargs)
 
     return inner
 
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class Storage(metaclass=StorageMeta):
         self.collection = collection
 
     @classmethod
-    def discover(cls, **kwargs):
+    async def discover(cls, **kwargs):
         """Discover collections given a basepath or -URL to many collections.
 
         :param **kwargs: Keyword arguments to additionally pass to the storage
@@ -92,10 +92,12 @@ class Storage(metaclass=StorageMeta):
             from the last segment of a URL or filesystem path.
 
         """
+        if False:
+            yield  # Needs to be an async generator
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
     @classmethod
-    def create_collection(cls, collection, **kwargs):
+    async def create_collection(cls, collection, **kwargs):
         """
         Create the specified collection and return the new arguments.
 
@@ -118,13 +120,13 @@ class Storage(metaclass=StorageMeta):
             {x: getattr(self, x) for x in self._repr_attributes},
         )
 
-    def list(self):
+    async def list(self):
         """
         :returns: list of (href, etag)
         """
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
-    def get(self, href):
+    async def get(self, href):
         """Fetch a single item.
 
         :param href: href to fetch
@@ -134,7 +136,7 @@ class Storage(metaclass=StorageMeta):
         """
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
-    def get_multi(self, hrefs):
+    async def get_multi(self, hrefs):
         """Fetch multiple items. Duplicate hrefs must be ignored.
 
         Functionally similar to :py:meth:`get`, but might bring performance
@@ -146,22 +148,22 @@ class Storage(metaclass=StorageMeta):
         :returns: iterable of (href, item, etag)
         """
         for href in uniq(hrefs):
-            item, etag = self.get(href)
+            item, etag = await self.get(href)
             yield href, item, etag
 
-    def has(self, href):
+    async def has(self, href):
         """Check if an item exists by its href.
 
         :returns: True or False
         """
         try:
-            self.get(href)
+            await self.get(href)
         except exceptions.PreconditionFailed:
             return False
         else:
             return True
 
-    def upload(self, item):
+    async def upload(self, item):
         """Upload a new item.
 
         In cases where the new etag cannot be atomically determined (i.e. in
@@ -176,7 +178,7 @@ class Storage(metaclass=StorageMeta):
         """
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
-    def update(self, href, item, etag):
+    async def update(self, href, item, etag):
         """Update an item.
 
         The etag may be none in some cases, see `upload`.
@@ -189,7 +191,7 @@ class Storage(metaclass=StorageMeta):
         """
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
-    def delete(self, href, etag):
+    async def delete(self, href, etag):
         """Delete an item by href.
 
         :raises: :exc:`vdirsyncer.exceptions.PreconditionFailed` when item has
@@ -197,8 +199,8 @@ class Storage(metaclass=StorageMeta):
         """
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
-    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    @contextlib.asynccontextmanager
-    def at_once(self):
+    async def at_once(self):
         """A contextmanager that buffers all writes.
 
         Essentially, this::
@@ -217,7 +219,7 @@ class Storage(metaclass=StorageMeta):
         """
         yield
 
-    def get_meta(self, key):
+    async def get_meta(self, key):
         """Get metadata value for collection/storage.
 
         See the vdir specification for the keys that *have* to be accepted.
@@ -228,7 +230,7 @@ class Storage(metaclass=StorageMeta):
 
         raise NotImplementedError("This storage does not support metadata.")
 
-    def set_meta(self, key, value):
+    async def set_meta(self, key, value):
         """Get metadata value for collection/storage.
 
         :param key: The metadata key.

vdirsyncer/storage/dav.py

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ import xml.etree.ElementTree as etree
 from inspect import getfullargspec
 from inspect import signature
 
-import requests
+import aiohttp
-from requests.exceptions import HTTPError
+import aiostream
 
 from .. import exceptions
 from .. import http
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ from ..http import USERAGENT
 from ..vobject import Item
 from .base import normalize_meta_value
 from .base import Storage
+from vdirsyncer.exceptions import Error
 
 
 dav_logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -44,10 +45,10 @@ def _contains_quoted_reserved_chars(x):
     return False
 
 
-def _assert_multistatus_success(r):
+async def _assert_multistatus_success(r):
     # Xandikos returns a multistatus on PUT.
     try:
-        root = _parse_xml(r.content)
+        root = _parse_xml(await r.content.read())
     except InvalidXMLResponse:
         return
     for status in root.findall(".//{DAV:}status"):
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ def _assert_multistatus_success(r):
         except (ValueError, IndexError):
             continue
         if st < 200 or st >= 400:
-            raise HTTPError(f"Server error: {st}")
+            raise Error(f"Server error: {st}")
 
 
 def _normalize_href(base, href):
@@ -169,14 +170,14 @@ class Discover:
         _, collection = url.rstrip("/").rsplit("/", 1)
         return urlparse.unquote(collection)
 
-    def find_principal(self):
+    async def find_principal(self):
         try:
-            return self._find_principal_impl("")
+            return await self._find_principal_impl("")
-        except (HTTPError, exceptions.Error):
+        except (aiohttp.ClientResponseError, exceptions.Error):
             dav_logger.debug("Trying out well-known URI")
-            return self._find_principal_impl(self._well_known_uri)
+            return await self._find_principal_impl(self._well_known_uri)
 
-    def _find_principal_impl(self, url):
+    async def _find_principal_impl(self, url):
         headers = self.session.get_default_headers()
         headers["Depth"] = "0"
         body = b"""
@@ -187,9 +188,14 @@ class Discover:
         </propfind>
         """
 
-        response = self.session.request("PROPFIND", url, headers=headers, data=body)
+        response = await self.session.request(
+            "PROPFIND",
+            url,
+            headers=headers,
+            data=body,
+        )
 
-        root = _parse_xml(response.content)
+        root = _parse_xml(await response.content.read())
         rv = root.find(".//{DAV:}current-user-principal/{DAV:}href")
         if rv is None:
             # This is for servers that don't support current-user-principal
@@ -201,34 +207,37 @@ class Discover:
                 )
             )
             return response.url
-        return urlparse.urljoin(response.url, rv.text).rstrip("/") + "/"
+        return urlparse.urljoin(str(response.url), rv.text).rstrip("/") + "/"
 
-    def find_home(self):
+    async def find_home(self):
-        url = self.find_principal()
+        url = await self.find_principal()
         headers = self.session.get_default_headers()
         headers["Depth"] = "0"
-        response = self.session.request(
+        response = await self.session.request(
             "PROPFIND", url, headers=headers, data=self._homeset_xml
         )
 
-        root = etree.fromstring(response.content)
+        root = etree.fromstring(await response.content.read())
         # Better don't do string formatting here, because of XML namespaces
         rv = root.find(".//" + self._homeset_tag + "/{DAV:}href")
         if rv is None:
             raise InvalidXMLResponse("Couldn't find home-set.")
-        return urlparse.urljoin(response.url, rv.text).rstrip("/") + "/"
+        return urlparse.urljoin(str(response.url), rv.text).rstrip("/") + "/"
 
-    def find_collections(self):
+    async def find_collections(self):
         rv = None
         try:
-            rv = list(self._find_collections_impl(""))
+            rv = await aiostream.stream.list(self._find_collections_impl(""))
-        except (HTTPError, exceptions.Error):
+        except (aiohttp.ClientResponseError, exceptions.Error):
             pass
 
         if rv:
             return rv
+
         dav_logger.debug("Given URL is not a homeset URL")
-        return self._find_collections_impl(self.find_home())
+        return await aiostream.stream.list(
+            self._find_collections_impl(await self.find_home())
+        )
 
     def _check_collection_resource_type(self, response):
         if self._resourcetype is None:
@@ -245,13 +254,13 @@ class Discover:
             return False
         return True
 
-    def _find_collections_impl(self, url):
+    async def _find_collections_impl(self, url):
         headers = self.session.get_default_headers()
         headers["Depth"] = "1"
-        r = self.session.request(
+        r = await self.session.request(
             "PROPFIND", url, headers=headers, data=self._collection_xml
         )
-        root = _parse_xml(r.content)
+        root = _parse_xml(await r.content.read())
         done = set()
         for response in root.findall("{DAV:}response"):
             if not self._check_collection_resource_type(response):
@@ -260,33 +269,33 @@ class Discover:
             href = response.find("{DAV:}href")
             if href is None:
                 raise InvalidXMLResponse("Missing href tag for collection " "props.")
-            href = urlparse.urljoin(r.url, href.text)
+            href = urlparse.urljoin(str(r.url), href.text)
             if href not in done:
                 done.add(href)
                 yield {"href": href}
 
-    def discover(self):
+    async def discover(self):
-        for c in self.find_collections():
+        for c in await self.find_collections():
             url = c["href"]
             collection = self._get_collection_from_url(url)
             storage_args = dict(self.kwargs)
             storage_args.update({"url": url, "collection": collection})
             yield storage_args
 
-    def create(self, collection):
+    async def create(self, collection):
         if collection is None:
             collection = self._get_collection_from_url(self.kwargs["url"])
 
-        for c in self.discover():
+        async for c in self.discover():
             if c["collection"] == collection:
                 return c
 
-        home = self.find_home()
+        home = await self.find_home()
         url = urlparse.urljoin(home, urlparse.quote(collection, "/@"))
 
         try:
-            url = self._create_collection_impl(url)
+            url = await self._create_collection_impl(url)
-        except HTTPError as e:
+        except (aiohttp.ClientResponseError, Error) as e:
             raise NotImplementedError(e)
         else:
             rv = dict(self.kwargs)
@@ -294,7 +303,7 @@ class Discover:
             rv["url"] = url
             return rv
 
-    def _create_collection_impl(self, url):
+    async def _create_collection_impl(self, url):
         data = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
             <mkcol xmlns="DAV:">
                 <set>
@@ -312,13 +321,13 @@ class Discover:
             "utf-8"
         )
 
-        response = self.session.request(
+        response = await self.session.request(
             "MKCOL",
             url,
             data=data,
             headers=self.session.get_default_headers(),
         )
-        return response.url
+        return str(response.url)
 
 
 class CalDiscover(Discover):
@@ -350,14 +359,18 @@ class CardDiscover(Discover):
 
 
 class DAVSession:
-    """
+    """A helper class to connect to DAV servers."""
-    A helper class to connect to DAV servers.
+
-    """
+    connector: aiohttp.BaseConnector
 
     @classmethod
     def init_and_remaining_args(cls, **kwargs):
+        def is_arg(k):
+            """Return true if ``k`` is an argument of ``cls.__init__``."""
+            return k in argspec.args or k in argspec.kwonlyargs
+
         argspec = getfullargspec(cls.__init__)
-        self_args, remainder = utils.split_dict(kwargs, argspec.args.__contains__)
+        self_args, remainder = utils.split_dict(kwargs, is_arg)
 
         return cls(**self_args), remainder
 
@@ -371,6 +384,8 @@ class DAVSession:
         useragent=USERAGENT,
         verify_fingerprint=None,
         auth_cert=None,
+        *,
+        connector: aiohttp.BaseConnector,
     ):
         self._settings = {
             "cert": prepare_client_cert(auth_cert),
@@ -380,21 +395,28 @@ class DAVSession:
 
         self.useragent = useragent
         self.url = url.rstrip("/") + "/"
-
+        self.connector = connector
-        self._session = requests.session()
 
     @utils.cached_property
     def parsed_url(self):
         return urlparse.urlparse(self.url)
 
-    def request(self, method, path, **kwargs):
+    async def request(self, method, path, **kwargs):
         url = self.url
         if path:
-            url = urlparse.urljoin(self.url, path)
+            url = urlparse.urljoin(str(self.url), path)
 
         more = dict(self._settings)
         more.update(kwargs)
-        return http.request(method, url, session=self._session, **more)
+
+        # XXX: This is a temporary hack to pin-point bad refactoring.
+        assert self.connector is not None
+        async with aiohttp.ClientSession(
+            connector=self.connector,
+            connector_owner=False,
+            # TODO use `raise_for_status=true`, though this needs traces first,
+        ) as session:
+            return await http.request(method, url, session=session, **more)
 
     def get_default_headers(self):
         return {
@@ -417,33 +439,41 @@ class DAVStorage(Storage):
     # The DAVSession class to use
     session_class = DAVSession
 
+    connector: aiohttp.TCPConnector
+
     _repr_attributes = ("username", "url")
 
     _property_table = {
         "displayname": ("displayname", "DAV:"),
     }
 
-    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, *, connector, **kwargs):
         # defined for _repr_attributes
         self.username = kwargs.get("username")
         self.url = kwargs.get("url")
+        self.connector = connector
 
-        self.session, kwargs = self.session_class.init_and_remaining_args(**kwargs)
+        self.session, kwargs = self.session_class.init_and_remaining_args(
+            connector=connector,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     __init__.__signature__ = signature(session_class.__init__)
 
     @classmethod
-    def discover(cls, **kwargs):
+    async def discover(cls, **kwargs):
         session, _ = cls.session_class.init_and_remaining_args(**kwargs)
         d = cls.discovery_class(session, kwargs)
-        return d.discover()
+
+        async for collection in d.discover():
+            yield collection
 
     @classmethod
-    def create_collection(cls, collection, **kwargs):
+    async def create_collection(cls, collection, **kwargs):
         session, _ = cls.session_class.init_and_remaining_args(**kwargs)
         d = cls.discovery_class(session, kwargs)
-        return d.create(collection)
+        return await d.create(collection)
 
     def _normalize_href(self, *args, **kwargs):
         return _normalize_href(self.session.url, *args, **kwargs)
@@ -455,57 +485,65 @@ class DAVStorage(Storage):
     def _is_item_mimetype(self, mimetype):
         return _fuzzy_matches_mimetype(self.item_mimetype, mimetype)
 
-    def get(self, href):
+    async def get(self, href):
-        ((actual_href, item, etag),) = self.get_multi([href])
+        ((actual_href, item, etag),) = await aiostream.stream.list(
+            self.get_multi([href])
+        )
         assert href == actual_href
         return item, etag
 
-    def get_multi(self, hrefs):
+    async def get_multi(self, hrefs):
         hrefs = set(hrefs)
         href_xml = []
         for href in hrefs:
             if href != self._normalize_href(href):
                 raise exceptions.NotFoundError(href)
             href_xml.append(f"<href>{href}</href>")
-        if not href_xml:
+        if href_xml:
-            return ()
+            data = self.get_multi_template.format(hrefs="\n".join(href_xml)).encode(
+                "utf-8"
+            )
+            response = await self.session.request(
+                "REPORT", "", data=data, headers=self.session.get_default_headers()
+            )
+            root = _parse_xml(
+                await response.content.read()
+            )  # etree only can handle bytes
+            rv = []
+            hrefs_left = set(hrefs)
+            for href, etag, prop in self._parse_prop_responses(root):
+                raw = prop.find(self.get_multi_data_query)
+                if raw is None:
+                    dav_logger.warning(
+                        "Skipping {}, the item content is missing.".format(href)
+                    )
+                    continue
 
-        data = self.get_multi_template.format(hrefs="\n".join(href_xml)).encode("utf-8")
+                raw = raw.text or ""
-        response = self.session.request(
-            "REPORT", "", data=data, headers=self.session.get_default_headers()
-        )
-        root = _parse_xml(response.content)  # etree only can handle bytes
-        rv = []
-        hrefs_left = set(hrefs)
-        for href, etag, prop in self._parse_prop_responses(root):
-            raw = prop.find(self.get_multi_data_query)
-            if raw is None:
-                dav_logger.warning(
-                    "Skipping {}, the item content is missing.".format(href)
-                )
-                continue
 
-            raw = raw.text or ""
+                if isinstance(raw, bytes):
+                    raw = raw.decode(response.encoding)
+                if isinstance(etag, bytes):
+                    etag = etag.decode(response.encoding)
 
-            if isinstance(raw, bytes):
+                try:
-                raw = raw.decode(response.encoding)
+                    hrefs_left.remove(href)
-            if isinstance(etag, bytes):
+                except KeyError:
-                etag = etag.decode(response.encoding)
+                    if href in hrefs:
-
+                        dav_logger.warning("Server sent item twice: {}".format(href))
-            try:
+                    else:
-                hrefs_left.remove(href)
+                        dav_logger.warning(
-            except KeyError:
+                            "Server sent unsolicited item: {}".format(href)
-                if href in hrefs:
+                        )
-                    dav_logger.warning("Server sent item twice: {}".format(href))
                 else:
-                    dav_logger.warning("Server sent unsolicited item: {}".format(href))
+                    rv.append((href, Item(raw), etag))
-            else:
+            for href in hrefs_left:
-                rv.append((href, Item(raw), etag))
+                raise exceptions.NotFoundError(href)
-        for href in hrefs_left:
-            raise exceptions.NotFoundError(href)
-        return rv
 
-    def _put(self, href, item, etag):
+            for href, item, etag in rv:
+                yield href, item, etag
+
+    async def _put(self, href, item, etag):
         headers = self.session.get_default_headers()
         headers["Content-Type"] = self.item_mimetype
         if etag is None:
@@ -513,11 +551,11 @@ class DAVStorage(Storage):
         else:
             headers["If-Match"] = etag
 
-        response = self.session.request(
+        response = await self.session.request(
             "PUT", href, data=item.raw.encode("utf-8"), headers=headers
         )
 
-        _assert_multistatus_success(response)
+        await _assert_multistatus_success(response)
 
         # The server may not return an etag under certain conditions:
         #
@@ -534,25 +572,28 @@ class DAVStorage(Storage):
         # In such cases we return a constant etag. The next synchronization
         # will then detect an etag change and will download the new item.
         etag = response.headers.get("etag", None)
-        href = self._normalize_href(response.url)
+        href = self._normalize_href(str(response.url))
         return href, etag
 
-    def update(self, href, item, etag):
+    async def update(self, href, item, etag):
         if etag is None:
             raise ValueError("etag must be given and must not be None.")
-        href, etag = self._put(self._normalize_href(href), item, etag)
+        href, etag = await self._put(self._normalize_href(href), item, etag)
         return etag
 
-    def upload(self, item):
+    async def upload(self, item):
         href = self._get_href(item)
-        return self._put(href, item, None)
+        rv = await self._put(href, item, None)
+        return rv
 
-    def delete(self, href, etag):
+    async def delete(self, href, etag):
         href = self._normalize_href(href)
         headers = self.session.get_default_headers()
-        headers.update({"If-Match": etag})
+        if etag:  # baikal doesn't give us an etag.
+            dav_logger.warning("Deleting an item with no etag.")
+            headers.update({"If-Match": etag})
 
-        self.session.request("DELETE", href, headers=headers)
+        await self.session.request("DELETE", href, headers=headers)
 
     def _parse_prop_responses(self, root, handled_hrefs=None):
         if handled_hrefs is None:
@@ -604,7 +645,7 @@ class DAVStorage(Storage):
             handled_hrefs.add(href)
             yield href, etag, props
 
-    def list(self):
+    async def list(self):
         headers = self.session.get_default_headers()
         headers["Depth"] = "1"
 
@@ -620,14 +661,19 @@ class DAVStorage(Storage):
 
         # We use a PROPFIND request instead of addressbook-query due to issues
         # with Zimbra. See https://github.com/pimutils/vdirsyncer/issues/83
-        response = self.session.request("PROPFIND", "", data=data, headers=headers)
+        response = await self.session.request(
-        root = _parse_xml(response.content)
+            "PROPFIND",
+            "",
+            data=data,
+            headers=headers,
+        )
+        root = _parse_xml(await response.content.read())
 
         rv = self._parse_prop_responses(root)
         for href, etag, _prop in rv:
             yield href, etag
 
-    def get_meta(self, key):
+    async def get_meta(self, key):
         try:
             tagname, namespace = self._property_table[key]
         except KeyError:
@@ -649,9 +695,14 @@ class DAVStorage(Storage):
         headers = self.session.get_default_headers()
         headers["Depth"] = "0"
 
-        response = self.session.request("PROPFIND", "", data=data, headers=headers)
+        response = await self.session.request(
+            "PROPFIND",
+            "",
+            data=data,
+            headers=headers,
+        )
 
-        root = _parse_xml(response.content)
+        root = _parse_xml(await response.content.read())
 
         for prop in root.findall(".//" + xpath):
             text = normalize_meta_value(getattr(prop, "text", None))
@@ -659,7 +710,7 @@ class DAVStorage(Storage):
                 return text
         return ""
 
-    def set_meta(self, key, value):
+    async def set_meta(self, key, value):
         try:
             tagname, namespace = self._property_table[key]
         except KeyError:
@@ -683,8 +734,11 @@ class DAVStorage(Storage):
             "utf-8"
         )
 
-        self.session.request(
+        await self.session.request(
-            "PROPPATCH", "", data=data, headers=self.session.get_default_headers()
+            "PROPPATCH",
+            "",
+            data=data,
+            headers=self.session.get_default_headers(),
         )
 
         # XXX: Response content is currently ignored. Though exceptions are
@@ -776,7 +830,7 @@ class CalDAVStorage(DAVStorage):
                     ("VTODO", "VEVENT"), start, end
                 )
 
-    def list(self):
+    async def list(self):
         caldavfilters = list(
             self._get_list_filters(self.item_types, self.start_date, self.end_date)
         )
@@ -788,7 +842,8 @@ class CalDAVStorage(DAVStorage):
             # instead?
             #
             # See https://github.com/dmfs/tasks/issues/118 for backstory.
-            yield from DAVStorage.list(self)
+            async for href, etag in DAVStorage.list(self):
+                yield href, etag
 
         data = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
             <C:calendar-query xmlns="DAV:"
@@ -813,8 +868,13 @@ class CalDAVStorage(DAVStorage):
 
         for caldavfilter in caldavfilters:
             xml = data.format(caldavfilter=caldavfilter).encode("utf-8")
-            response = self.session.request("REPORT", "", data=xml, headers=headers)
+            response = await self.session.request(
-            root = _parse_xml(response.content)
+                "REPORT",
+                "",
+                data=xml,
+                headers=headers,
+            )
+            root = _parse_xml(await response.content.read())
             rv = self._parse_prop_responses(root, handled_hrefs)
             for href, etag, _prop in rv:
                 yield href, etag

vdirsyncer/storage/etesync.py

@@ -30,13 +30,13 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 def _writing_op(f):
     @functools.wraps(f)
-    def inner(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    async def inner(self, *args, **kwargs):
         if not self._at_once:
             self._sync_journal()
         rv = f(self, *args, **kwargs)
         if not self._at_once:
             self._sync_journal()
-        return rv
+        return await rv
 
     return inner
 
@@ -120,7 +120,14 @@ class EtesyncStorage(Storage):
         self._session.etesync.sync_journal(self.collection)
 
     @classmethod
-    def discover(cls, email, secrets_dir, server_url=None, db_path=None, **kwargs):
+    async def discover(
+        cls,
+        email,
+        secrets_dir,
+        server_url=None,
+        db_path=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         if kwargs.get("collection", None) is not None:
             raise TypeError("collection argument must not be given.")
         session = _Session(email, secrets_dir, server_url, db_path)
@@ -139,7 +146,7 @@ class EtesyncStorage(Storage):
                 logger.debug(f"Skipping collection: {entry!r}")
 
     @classmethod
-    def create_collection(
+    async def create_collection(
         cls, collection, email, secrets_dir, server_url=None, db_path=None, **kwargs
     ):
         session = _Session(email, secrets_dir, server_url, db_path)
@@ -158,13 +165,13 @@ class EtesyncStorage(Storage):
             **kwargs,
         )
 
-    def list(self):
+    async def list(self):
         self._sync_journal()
         for entry in self._journal.collection.list():
             item = Item(entry.content)
             yield str(entry.uid), item.hash
 
-    def get(self, href):
+    async def get(self, href):
         try:
             item = Item(self._journal.collection.get(href).content)
         except etesync.exceptions.DoesNotExist as e:
@@ -172,7 +179,7 @@ class EtesyncStorage(Storage):
         return item, item.hash
 
     @_writing_op
-    def upload(self, item):
+    async def upload(self, item):
         try:
             entry = self._item_type.create(self._journal.collection, item.raw)
             entry.save()
@@ -183,7 +190,7 @@ class EtesyncStorage(Storage):
         return item.uid, item.hash
 
     @_writing_op
-    def update(self, href, item, etag):
+    async def update(self, href, item, etag):
         try:
             entry = self._journal.collection.get(href)
         except etesync.exceptions.DoesNotExist as e:
@@ -196,7 +203,7 @@ class EtesyncStorage(Storage):
         return item.hash
 
     @_writing_op
-    def delete(self, href, etag):
+    async def delete(self, href, etag):
         try:
             entry = self._journal.collection.get(href)
             old_item = Item(entry.content)
@@ -206,8 +213,8 @@ class EtesyncStorage(Storage):
         except etesync.exceptions.DoesNotExist as e:
             raise exceptions.NotFoundError(e)
 
-    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    @contextlib.asynccontextmanager
-    def at_once(self):
+    async def at_once(self):
         self._sync_journal()
         self._at_once = True
         try:

vdirsyncer/storage/filesystem.py

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class FilesystemStorage(Storage):
         self.post_hook = post_hook
 
     @classmethod
-    def discover(cls, path, **kwargs):
+    async def discover(cls, path, **kwargs):
         if kwargs.pop("collection", None) is not None:
             raise TypeError("collection argument must not be given.")
         path = expand_path(path)
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class FilesystemStorage(Storage):
         return True
 
     @classmethod
-    def create_collection(cls, collection, **kwargs):
+    async def create_collection(cls, collection, **kwargs):
         kwargs = dict(kwargs)
         path = kwargs["path"]
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class FilesystemStorage(Storage):
     def _get_href(self, ident):
         return generate_href(ident) + self.fileext
 
-    def list(self):
+    async def list(self):
         for fname in os.listdir(self.path):
             fpath = os.path.join(self.path, fname)
             if (
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class FilesystemStorage(Storage):
             ):
                 yield fname, get_etag_from_file(fpath)
 
-    def get(self, href):
+    async def get(self, href):
         fpath = self._get_filepath(href)
         try:
             with open(fpath, "rb") as f:
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class FilesystemStorage(Storage):
             else:
                 raise
 
-    def upload(self, item):
+    async def upload(self, item):
         if not isinstance(item.raw, str):
             raise TypeError("item.raw must be a unicode string.")
 
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ class FilesystemStorage(Storage):
             else:
                 raise
 
-    def update(self, href, item, etag):
+    async def update(self, href, item, etag):
         fpath = self._get_filepath(href)
         if not os.path.exists(fpath):
             raise exceptions.NotFoundError(item.uid)
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class FilesystemStorage(Storage):
             self._run_post_hook(fpath)
         return etag
 
-    def delete(self, href, etag):
+    async def delete(self, href, etag):
         fpath = self._get_filepath(href)
         if not os.path.isfile(fpath):
             raise exceptions.NotFoundError(href)
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ class FilesystemStorage(Storage):
         except OSError as e:
             logger.warning("Error executing external hook: {}".format(str(e)))
 
-    def get_meta(self, key):
+    async def get_meta(self, key):
         fpath = os.path.join(self.path, key)
         try:
             with open(fpath, "rb") as f:
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ class FilesystemStorage(Storage):
             else:
                 raise
 
-    def set_meta(self, key, value):
+    async def set_meta(self, key, value):
         value = normalize_meta_value(value)
 
         fpath = os.path.join(self.path, key)

vdirsyncer/storage/google.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import logging
 import os
 import urllib.parse as urlparse
 
+import aiohttp
 import click
 from atomicwrites import atomic_write
 
@@ -28,13 +29,21 @@ except ImportError:
 
 
 class GoogleSession(dav.DAVSession):
-    def __init__(self, token_file, client_id, client_secret, url=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        token_file,
+        client_id,
+        client_secret,
+        url=None,
+        connector: aiohttp.BaseConnector = None,
+    ):
         # Required for discovering collections
         if url is not None:
             self.url = url
 
         self.useragent = client_id
         self._settings = {}
+        self.connector = connector
 
         if not have_oauth2:
             raise exceptions.UserError("requests-oauthlib not installed")

vdirsyncer/storage/http.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 import urllib.parse as urlparse
 
+import aiohttp
+
 from .. import exceptions
 from ..http import prepare_auth
 from ..http import prepare_client_cert
@@ -30,6 +32,8 @@ class HttpStorage(Storage):
         useragent=USERAGENT,
         verify_fingerprint=None,
         auth_cert=None,
+        *,
+        connector,
         **kwargs
     ):
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
@@ -43,6 +47,8 @@ class HttpStorage(Storage):
 
         self.username, self.password = username, password
         self.useragent = useragent
+        assert connector is not None
+        self.connector = connector
 
         collection = kwargs.get("collection")
         if collection is not None:
@@ -53,22 +59,35 @@ class HttpStorage(Storage):
     def _default_headers(self):
         return {"User-Agent": self.useragent}
 
-    def list(self):
+    async def list(self):
-        r = request("GET", self.url, headers=self._default_headers(), **self._settings)
+        async with aiohttp.ClientSession(
+            connector=self.connector,
+            connector_owner=False,
+            # TODO use `raise_for_status=true`, though this needs traces first,
+        ) as session:
+            r = await request(
+                "GET",
+                self.url,
+                headers=self._default_headers(),
+                session=session,
+                **self._settings,
+            )
         self._items = {}
 
-        for item in split_collection(r.text):
+        for item in split_collection((await r.read()).decode("utf-8")):
             item = Item(item)
             if self._ignore_uids:
                 item = item.with_uid(item.hash)
 
             self._items[item.ident] = item, item.hash
 
-        return ((href, etag) for href, (item, etag) in self._items.items())
+        for href, (_, etag) in self._items.items():
+            yield href, etag
 
-    def get(self, href):
+    async def get(self, href):
         if self._items is None:
-            self.list()
+            async for _ in self.list():
+                pass
 
         try:
             return self._items[href]

vdirsyncer/storage/memory.py

@@ -28,18 +28,18 @@ class MemoryStorage(Storage):
     def _get_href(self, item):
         return item.ident + self.fileext
 
-    def list(self):
+    async def list(self):
         for href, (etag, _item) in self.items.items():
             yield href, etag
 
-    def get(self, href):
+    async def get(self, href):
         etag, item = self.items[href]
         return item, etag
 
-    def has(self, href):
+    async def has(self, href):
         return href in self.items
 
-    def upload(self, item):
+    async def upload(self, item):
         href = self._get_href(item)
         if href in self.items:
             raise exceptions.AlreadyExistingError(existing_href=href)
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class MemoryStorage(Storage):
         self.items[href] = (etag, item)
         return href, etag
 
-    def update(self, href, item, etag):
+    async def update(self, href, item, etag):
         if href not in self.items:
             raise exceptions.NotFoundError(href)
         actual_etag, _ = self.items[href]
@@ -58,15 +58,15 @@ class MemoryStorage(Storage):
         self.items[href] = (new_etag, item)
         return new_etag
 
-    def delete(self, href, etag):
+    async def delete(self, href, etag):
-        if not self.has(href):
+        if not await self.has(href):
             raise exceptions.NotFoundError(href)
         if etag != self.items[href][0]:
             raise exceptions.WrongEtagError(etag)
         del self.items[href]
 
-    def get_meta(self, key):
+    async def get_meta(self, key):
         return normalize_meta_value(self.metadata.get(key))
 
-    def set_meta(self, key, value):
+    async def set_meta(self, key, value):
         self.metadata[key] = normalize_meta_value(value)

vdirsyncer/storage/singlefile.py

@@ -21,10 +21,12 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 def _writing_op(f):
     @functools.wraps(f)
-    def inner(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    async def inner(self, *args, **kwargs):
         if self._items is None or not self._at_once:
-            self.list()
+            async for _ in self.list():
-        rv = f(self, *args, **kwargs)
+                pass
+        assert self._items is not None
+        rv = await f(self, *args, **kwargs)
         if not self._at_once:
             self._write()
         return rv
@@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ class SingleFileStorage(Storage):
         self._at_once = False
 
     @classmethod
-    def discover(cls, path, **kwargs):
+    async def discover(cls, path, **kwargs):
         if kwargs.pop("collection", None) is not None:
             raise TypeError("collection argument must not be given.")
 
@@ -81,7 +83,7 @@ class SingleFileStorage(Storage):
                 yield args
 
     @classmethod
-    def create_collection(cls, collection, **kwargs):
+    async def create_collection(cls, collection, **kwargs):
         path = os.path.abspath(expand_path(kwargs["path"]))
 
         if collection is not None:
@@ -97,7 +99,7 @@ class SingleFileStorage(Storage):
         kwargs["collection"] = collection
         return kwargs
 
-    def list(self):
+    async def list(self):
         self._items = collections.OrderedDict()
 
         try:
@@ -111,19 +113,19 @@ class SingleFileStorage(Storage):
                 raise OSError(e)
             text = None
 
-        if not text:
+        if text:
-            return ()
+            for item in split_collection(text):
+                item = Item(item)
+                etag = item.hash
+                href = item.ident
+                self._items[href] = item, etag
 
-        for item in split_collection(text):
+                yield href, etag
-            item = Item(item)
-            etag = item.hash
-            self._items[item.ident] = item, etag
 
-        return ((href, etag) for href, (item, etag) in self._items.items())
+    async def get(self, href):
-
-    def get(self, href):
         if self._items is None or not self._at_once:
-            self.list()
+            async for _ in self.list():
+                pass
 
         try:
             return self._items[href]
@@ -131,7 +133,7 @@ class SingleFileStorage(Storage):
             raise exceptions.NotFoundError(href)
 
     @_writing_op
-    def upload(self, item):
+    async def upload(self, item):
         href = item.ident
         if href in self._items:
             raise exceptions.AlreadyExistingError(existing_href=href)
@@ -140,7 +142,7 @@ class SingleFileStorage(Storage):
         return href, item.hash
 
     @_writing_op
-    def update(self, href, item, etag):
+    async def update(self, href, item, etag):
         if href not in self._items:
             raise exceptions.NotFoundError(href)
 
@@ -152,7 +154,7 @@ class SingleFileStorage(Storage):
         return item.hash
 
     @_writing_op
-    def delete(self, href, etag):
+    async def delete(self, href, etag):
         if href not in self._items:
             raise exceptions.NotFoundError(href)
 
@@ -181,8 +183,8 @@ class SingleFileStorage(Storage):
             self._items = None
             self._last_etag = None
 
-    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    @contextlib.asynccontextmanager
-    def at_once(self):
+    async def at_once(self):
         self.list()
         self._at_once = True
         try:

vdirsyncer/sync/__init__.py

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class _StorageInfo:
         self.status = status
         self._item_cache = {}
 
-    def prepare_new_status(self):
+    async def prepare_new_status(self):
         storage_nonempty = False
         prefetch = []
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class _StorageInfo:
             except IdentAlreadyExists as e:
                 raise e.to_ident_conflict(self.storage)
 
-        for href, etag in self.storage.list():
+        async for href, etag in self.storage.list():
             storage_nonempty = True
             ident, meta = self.status.get_by_href(href)
 
@@ -58,9 +58,13 @@ class _StorageInfo:
                 _store_props(ident, meta)
 
         # Prefetch items
-        for href, item, etag in self.storage.get_multi(prefetch) if prefetch else ():
+        if prefetch:
-            _store_props(item.ident, ItemMetadata(href=href, hash=item.hash, etag=etag))
+            async for href, item, etag in self.storage.get_multi(prefetch):
-            self.set_item_cache(item.ident, item)
+                _store_props(
+                    item.ident,
+                    ItemMetadata(href=href, hash=item.hash, etag=etag),
+                )
+                self.set_item_cache(item.ident, item)
 
         return storage_nonempty
 
@@ -86,7 +90,7 @@ class _StorageInfo:
         return self._item_cache[ident]
 
 
-def sync(
+async def sync(
     storage_a,
     storage_b,
     status,
@@ -137,8 +141,8 @@ def sync(
         a_info = _StorageInfo(storage_a, SubStatus(status, "a"))
         b_info = _StorageInfo(storage_b, SubStatus(status, "b"))
 
-        a_nonempty = a_info.prepare_new_status()
+        a_nonempty = await a_info.prepare_new_status()
-        b_nonempty = b_info.prepare_new_status()
+        b_nonempty = await b_info.prepare_new_status()
 
         if status_nonempty and not force_delete:
             if a_nonempty and not b_nonempty:
@@ -148,10 +152,10 @@ def sync(
 
         actions = list(_get_actions(a_info, b_info))
 
-        with storage_a.at_once(), storage_b.at_once():
+        async with storage_a.at_once(), storage_b.at_once():
             for action in actions:
                 try:
-                    action.run(a_info, b_info, conflict_resolution, partial_sync)
+                    await action.run(a_info, b_info, conflict_resolution, partial_sync)
                 except Exception as e:
                     if error_callback:
                         error_callback(e)
@@ -160,10 +164,10 @@ def sync(
 
 
 class Action:
-    def _run_impl(self, a, b):  # pragma: no cover
+    async def _run_impl(self, a, b):  # pragma: no cover
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
-    def run(self, a, b, conflict_resolution, partial_sync):
+    async def run(self, a, b, conflict_resolution, partial_sync):
         with self.auto_rollback(a, b):
             if self.dest.storage.read_only:
                 if partial_sync == "error":
@@ -174,7 +178,7 @@ class Action:
                 else:
                     assert partial_sync == "revert"
 
-            self._run_impl(a, b)
+            await self._run_impl(a, b)
 
     @contextlib.contextmanager
     def auto_rollback(self, a, b):
@@ -194,7 +198,7 @@ class Upload(Action):
         self.ident = item.ident
         self.dest = dest
 
-    def _run_impl(self, a, b):
+    async def _run_impl(self, a, b):
 
         if self.dest.storage.read_only:
             href = etag = None
@@ -204,7 +208,7 @@ class Upload(Action):
                     self.ident, self.dest.storage
                 )
             )
-            href, etag = self.dest.storage.upload(self.item)
+            href, etag = await self.dest.storage.upload(self.item)
             assert href is not None
 
         self.dest.status.insert_ident(
@@ -218,7 +222,7 @@ class Update(Action):
         self.ident = item.ident
         self.dest = dest
 
-    def _run_impl(self, a, b):
+    async def _run_impl(self, a, b):
         if self.dest.storage.read_only:
             meta = ItemMetadata(hash=self.item.hash)
         else:
@@ -226,7 +230,7 @@ class Update(Action):
                 "Copying (updating) item {} to {}".format(self.ident, self.dest.storage)
             )
             meta = self.dest.status.get_new(self.ident)
-            meta.etag = self.dest.storage.update(meta.href, self.item, meta.etag)
+            meta.etag = await self.dest.storage.update(meta.href, self.item, meta.etag)
 
         self.dest.status.update_ident(self.ident, meta)
 
@@ -236,13 +240,13 @@ class Delete(Action):
         self.ident = ident
         self.dest = dest
 
-    def _run_impl(self, a, b):
+    async def _run_impl(self, a, b):
         meta = self.dest.status.get_new(self.ident)
         if not self.dest.storage.read_only:
             sync_logger.info(
                 "Deleting item {} from {}".format(self.ident, self.dest.storage)
             )
-            self.dest.storage.delete(meta.href, meta.etag)
+            await self.dest.storage.delete(meta.href, meta.etag)
 
         self.dest.status.remove_ident(self.ident)
 
@@ -251,7 +255,7 @@ class ResolveConflict(Action):
     def __init__(self, ident):
         self.ident = ident
 
-    def run(self, a, b, conflict_resolution, partial_sync):
+    async def run(self, a, b, conflict_resolution, partial_sync):
         with self.auto_rollback(a, b):
             sync_logger.info(
                 "Doing conflict resolution for item {}...".format(self.ident)
@@ -271,9 +275,19 @@ class ResolveConflict(Action):
                 item_b = b.get_item_cache(self.ident)
                 new_item = conflict_resolution(item_a, item_b)
                 if new_item.hash != meta_a.hash:
-                    Update(new_item, a).run(a, b, conflict_resolution, partial_sync)
+                    await Update(new_item, a).run(
+                        a,
+                        b,
+                        conflict_resolution,
+                        partial_sync,
+                    )
                 if new_item.hash != meta_b.hash:
-                    Update(new_item, b).run(a, b, conflict_resolution, partial_sync)
+                    await Update(new_item, b).run(
+                        a,
+                        b,
+                        conflict_resolution,
+                        partial_sync,
+                    )
             else:
                 raise UserError(
                     "Invalid conflict resolution mode: {!r}".format(conflict_resolution)

vdirsyncer/utils.py

@@ -26,22 +26,15 @@ def expand_path(p: str) -> str:
     return p
 
 
-def split_dict(d, f):
+def split_dict(d: dict, f: callable):
     """Puts key into first dict if f(key), otherwise in second dict"""
-    a, b = split_sequence(d.items(), lambda item: f(item[0]))
+    a = {}
-    return dict(a), dict(b)
+    b = {}
-
+    for k, v in d.items():
-
+        if f(k):
-def split_sequence(s, f):
+            a[k] = v
-    """Puts item into first list if f(item), else in second list"""
-    a = []
-    b = []
-    for item in s:
-        if f(item):
-            a.append(item)
         else:
-            b.append(item)
+            b[k] = v
-
     return a, b